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biology in focus, 3e urry, ch 1 notes
chapter 1 of textbook biology in focus 3e, urry, notes
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Chapter 1 Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology1.1 organization
● Ecosystem
○ Community
■ Populations
● Organisms
○ Organs
■ Tissues
● Cells
○ Organelles
■ Molecules
● reductionism, an approach that reduces complex systems to simpler
components that are more manageable to study
● Biologists complement reductionism with systems biology, the exploration
of the network of interactions that underlie the emergent properties of a
system.
● At each level of biological organization, we find a correlation between
structure and function
○ analyzing a biological structure gives us clues about what it does and
how it works
● The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities
required for life
● Prokaryotic cells are found in two groups of single-celled microorganisms,
bacteria and archaea. All other forms of life, including plants and animals,
are composed of eukaryotic cells.
● Eukaryotic cell
○ A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane
enclosed organelles. (protists, plants, fungi, and animals)
, ● Prokaryotic cell
○ A type of cell ;lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane
enclosed organelles. (bacteria and archaea)
1.1 info
● Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the
form of DNA
● genes are the units of inheritance. They encode the information that
establishes a cell’s identity and function
● Specific sequences of the nucleotides encode the information in genes.
● Protein-encoding genes control protein production indirectly, using a
related molecule called mRNA as an intermediary.
● The sequence of nucleotides along a gene is transcribed into mRNA, which is
then translated into a chain of protein building blocks called amino acids.
● Once completed, the amino acid chain forms a specific protein with a unique
shape and function.
● The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the
production of a cellular product is gene expression
● Differences between organisms reflect differences between their nucleotide
sequences rather than between their genetic codes.
● By carrying the instructions for making proteins and RNAs and by
replicating with each cell division, DNA ensures faithful inheritance of
genetic information from generation to generation.
● genome-The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism
inherits
○ The genetic material of an organism or virus, the complete
complement of an organism's genes along with its noncoding nucleic
acid sequences.
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