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Exam 1-Nurs 5315: Adv Patho|477 Questions with Complete Solutions
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Exam 1-Nurs 5315: Adv Patho|477 Questions withComplete Solutions
Atrophy Correct-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is
an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of
cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia Correct-E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of
cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may
be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal
stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
, Exam 1-Nurs 5315: Adv Patho|477 Questions with
Complete Solutions
Dysplasia Correct-E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo
laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia Correct-E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for
survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation;
Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the
influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.;
Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in
response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
, Exam 1-Nurs 5315: Adv Patho|477 Questions with
Complete Solutions
Hypoxia injury Correct-E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS Correct-E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Ethanol Correct-E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and
fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
, Exam 1-Nurs 5315: Adv Patho|477 Questions with
Complete Solutions
Oncosis Correct-Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration Correct-intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification Correct-accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification Correct-accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can
also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation Correct-sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of
disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
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