Detailed study guide for the 3rd bio test. Includes all material needed for the 3rd test and tophat questions as well as diagrams needed.
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● Determine the relationships between DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, and
chromatids.
○ DNA= nucleic acid, double stranded, strands held together by hydrogen bonds,
anti-parallel strands
○ Chromatin= DNA and protein complex found in eukaryotic cells, stored like this
so DNA can be compacted in the nucleus. Bacteria does NOT have chromatin.
○ Chromosomes= a single piece of chromatin OR a replicated set of chromatin
pieces that stay attached to each other at the centromere.
○ Chromatid= chromosome is made up of two chromatids. This is after replication.
● Describe the cell cycle and contrast mitosis with both DNA replication and
cytokinesis.
○ Cell cycle= process a cell goes through in order to divide. Consists of interphase
and mitotic phase. Has subphases= synthesis phase, GAP phases.
○ Mitosis is the division of two nuclei.
○ Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm creating two daughter cells.
● Recognize major events for mitosis phases.
○ Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
○ prophase= chromatin has to go into its condensed form. Spindle starts to form( a
protein structure responsible for moving chromosomes around the cells)
○ prometaphase= nuclear envelope will disappear. Spindle will attach to
chromosomes at the centromere
○ metaphase= spindle pulls chromosomes to where they are lined up in the middle
of the cell.
○ anaphase= sister chromatids pull apart by the spindle. Pulls chromosomes
towards opposite ends of cell. Will have 2 complete sets
○ telophase= nuclear envelope is reformed. Have 2 nuclei. Spindle disappears.
Chromosomes spread out again. Very short.
● Recall functions of mitosis and cytokinesis
○ Cytokinesis= starts during anaphase (cell elongates). finishes after mitosis
finishes. Cell divides
○ Mitotic phase= most new cells come from this process. Growth and development.
TOP HAT QUESTION
Which of the following biological molecules are found in chromatin of eukaryotic cells?
(A) Nucleotides
(B) Amino acids
(C) Monosaccharides
(D) Fatty acids
Human somatic cells usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes in their nuclei. How many sister
chromatids will such a cell have after DNA replication and prior to cell division?
(A) 23
(B) 92
(C) 69
(D) 46
If a fruit fly zygote goes through mitosis four times but never undergoes cytokinesis, what do
, Bio test 3 study guide
you predict will be the outcome?
(A) Eight cells that each contain a nucleus
(B) One cell that has sixteen identical nuclei
(C) Sixteen cells that each contain a nucleus
(D) One cell that has eight identical nuclei
How many chromosomes does a cell with 78 chromosomes during the G1 phase of the cell
cycle have during prometaphase of mitosis?
(A) 78
(B) 39
(C) 117
(D) 156
● Describe how the cell cycle is regulated and the severe consequences of control
failures
○ Regulated by check points at G1, M, and G2
○ At G1, if the DNA is damaged it can either be fixed or the cell will undergo
apoptosis.
○ At G2, it is looking for damage and MPF(maturation promoting factor). Mitosis will
be triggered as long as there is enough MPF and no damage.
○ At M checkpoint, checking to see if chromosomes are correctly attached to the
mitotic spindle.
○ If one of the mechanisms fail at the checkpoint it can cause cancer from
damaged cells reproducing uncontrolled.
● Explain how biologists concluded that DNA contains the genetic information for
organisms
○ Hershey and Chase used e.coli and bacteriophage.
○ DNA contains phosphates and protein contains sulfates.
○ They allowed viruses to infect bacteria, shook it up and centrifuged, and
radioactive DNA was detected in bacteria at the bottom of the tube.
○ Radioactive protein was only detected on the outside of bacteria showing that
protein did not contain the genetic information.
● Establish how the original DNA strands are distributed through the replication
process
○ DNA strands are distributed as a semiconservative process.
○ Semiconservative: two strands would separate, and each one would make a new
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