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NR507 Final Exam 2024
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NR507 Final Exam 2024
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\NR507 Final Exam 2024 / NR 507 Week 8 Exam
Advanced Pathophysiology Expected Questions and
Answers
Dermatomes - ANSWER area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a
single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at
the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - ANSWER Acetylcholine- Excitatory or
inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson
disease
Spondylolysis - ANSWER structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or
developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of
the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected
most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - ANSWER Parietal lobe- major area for
somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the
primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming
the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra - ANSWER ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue.
Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - ANSWER ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft
6-12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves
around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
, excitotoxins - ANSWER Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate
release and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - ANSWER the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L
angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER Bleeding into the subarachnoid space,
where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots,
impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - ANSWER Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria
are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - ANSWER -Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - ANSWER - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis,
renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - ANSWER - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - ANSWER -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - ANSWER - Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH
(Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as
small cell carcinoma of the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
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