Exam (elaborations)
cell bio 320 Exam 4 (final)
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cell bio 320 Exam 4 (final)
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cell bio 320 Exam 4 (final)*contractile rings*
1. wound healing -
arranged into contractile bundles that help with cell adhesion through adherens junction
2. cytokenesis -
makes contractile rings during cell separation - ANS-Role of actin and myosin II in non muscle
cells
0: cells leave cycle & become differentiated
G1: cell growth
S: centrosome duplication & DNA synthesis
G2 (interphase): more growth, mitochondrial increasing
M: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cyto. - ANS-what happens during G0?
G1
S
G2?
M? 5 stages of mitosis?
1. calcium binds troponin
2. troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way
3. actin contraction - ANS-describe the function of calcium in skeletal muscle movement
1. cells migrate towards each other after scratch to patch (scab)
2. cells proliferate to fill the gap & heal - ANS-describe what happens when you get a scratch on
skin?
1. Ensure all DNA replication is complete before entering M-phase
2. ensure all chromosome kinetochores are attaches to MT before anaphase
3. ensure all chromosomes are properly segregated before telophase & cytokinesis
4. detects damage to DNA - ANS-function of each:
intra S phase checkpoint
spindle assembly checkpoint
spindle position checkpoint
DNA damage checkpoint
1. intermediate filaments - various
2. microtubules - beta tubulin
, 3. microfilaments - actin - ANS-what are the three types of cytoskeletal proteins? what are each
of their subunits?
1. it binds to the kenetehcore with cohesin (middle piece that holds the sister chromatids
together)
2. centrosome replication
during anaphase, the positive end (located on the kinetechore of sister chromatids) is slowly
shrinking.
shrinkage does not occur near centrosome. - ANS-role of microtubules in mitosis
describe the dynamic part of anaphase:
1. lamellipodia extends as filimen pushes out
2. adhesions to PM through integrins
3. cell body contracts & moves towards adhesion
4. old adhesion picks up & moves
multiple pathways controlled through Growth factors - ANS-keratinocyte (epithelial cell)
movement (4 steps)
how is this processes conducted & coordinated?
1. mechanical - immediate / continuous - against pathogens
2. innate - macrophages, NK, dendritic, neutrophils
3. adaptive - B &T cells - ANS-3 layers of immune system?
function of each?
1. polymerase can cause or correct cancer
2. telomerase expression contributes to immortalization of cancer cells - ANS-enzymes involved
in dna repair?
1. somite (precursors in embryo) determination into a ____ blast. (myoblasts for muscles)
2. proliferation or migration
3. differentiation & cell fusion - ANS-how is muscle tissue developed (myogenesis)? basically,
how are cells differentiated?
1. Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialized cells found in organisms of that
species.
Are the first OGs in embryos + placenta
2. cells that give rise to all the formed elements of body- embryonic stem cells
3.After birth, are found in spinal chord. can become many things but are limited - ANS-totipotent
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