NURS 5315 Final Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam | 140 Questions
and Answers Graded A+ | Latest 2024
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
- Correct Answer - 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines
with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
- Correct Answer - Heart disease, Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart
disease, HF, OSA. Lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA,
less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
,What is the body's defense against ROS? - Correct Answer -
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin,
ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - Correct Answer - 1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - Correct Answer - Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - Correct Answer - Point at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - Correct Answer - Hyperpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
, Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Correct Answer - HYPOpolarized
(more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Correct Answer - Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - Correct Answer - Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - Correct Answer - Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated
for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply,
and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished
function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - Correct Answer - Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of
the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
