Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high
proportion of the population. - Correct Answer - Pandemic
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
- Correct Answer - Bacteria
some bacteria have this, made of polysaccharides for extra protection
- Correct Answer - bacteria capsule
small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial
chromosome, care genes for antibiotic resistance and toxin production
- Correct Answer - Plasmids
short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria such as N.
gonorrhoea - Correct Answer - Pili
a bacterial capsule that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars
- Correct Answer - Glycocalyx
,Certain bacteria have the ability to form protective spores to survive an
inactive stage such as ______________ species
- Correct Answer - Clostridium
Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with
lipopolysaccharides. Very toxic and hard to treat.
- Correct Answer - Gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan.
- Correct Answer - Gram-positive bacteria
A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative
bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
- Correct Answer - Endotoxins
toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment, produced by
gram-positive bacteria - Correct Answer - Exotoxins
staphylococcus, enterococcus and streptococcus
- Correct Answer - Examples of gram positive bacteria
Cell walls contain mycolic acid. Includes Mycobacterium and Nocardia
species which include human pathogens as M. tuberculosis and M. Leprae.
Antibiotics must be given for ___________
, - Correct Answer - acid fast bacteria; months
treatment for TB, leprosy, and mycobacterium avium complex
- Correct Answer - long term antibiotic therapy
Bacteria that is not able to grow in the presence of oxygen. Ex: Clostridium
genus, C. Tetani, C. Botulinum
- Correct Answer - Obligate anaerobic bacteria
Blocks acetylcholine causing descending paralysis. Found in soil
- Correct Answer - C. botulinum
Blocks release of GABA and glycine (lockjaw)
- Correct Answer - C. Tetani
Causes pseudomembranous colitis, often follows antibiotic therapy, creates
yellow/white plaques on colon mucosa
- Correct Answer - C. difficile
most commonly isolated anaerobe, may cause widespread tissue necrosis,
abdominal and urogenital abscesses, peritonitis, and appendicitis
- Correct Answer - Bacteroides fragilis
Retrovirus - carries genetic information in RNA instead of DNA
Attaches to CD4+ (T helpers)
RNA enters the cells and converts its RNA to DNA in the cell, therefore the
body's cells begin producing the virus
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