HEART AND NECK VESSELS STUDY GUIDE EXAM AND CORRECT ANSWERS.
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Course
Heart and Neck Vessels
Institution
Heart And Neck Vessels
angina pectoris - Answer chest pain due to ischemia (lack of blood and O2 supply) of heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries (heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, main cause, due to atherosclerosis of cardiac arteries
aortic valve - Answer left ...
HEART AND NECK VESSELS STUDY
GUIDE EXAM AND CORRECT
ANSWERS.
angina pectoris - Answer chest pain due to ischemia (lack of blood and O2 supply) of heart muscle,
generally due to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries (heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery
disease, main cause, due to atherosclerosis of cardiac arteries
aortic valve - Answer left side of heart, open during pumping to allow blood to be ejected from heart
apical impulse - Answer pulsation created as left ventrical rotates against chest wall during systole,
occupies 4th/5th ICS, at or inside MCL. easier to see in children and those w/ thinning chest walls.
atrial gallop - Answer occurs w/ HF and volume overload; a pathologic S4
bradycardia - Answer heart rate < 60 bpm, common in athletes. May be symptomatic of a brain tumor,
digitalis toxicity and heart block. CO decreases causing faintness, dizziness, chest pain and eventually
syncope and circulation collapse
bruit - Answer whooshing, blowing sound heard when ausultating carotid artory w/ bell of
stethoscope. Not present normally; occurs w/ accelerated or turbulent blood flow due to local vascular
cause such as atherosclerotic narrowing
clubbing - Answer occurs w/ congenital heart disease and neoplastic and pulmonary diseases; early:
angle straightens out to 180 degrees, nail base feels spongy to palpation. Nail becomes convex as digit
grows
cyanosis - Answer a bluish mottled color, signifies decreased perfusion; tissues do not have enough
oxygenated blood.
diastole - Answer relaxation of heart to fill back up w/ O2 blood from lungs
, ductus arteriosus - Answer in fetus links pulmonary artery directly to descending aorta. Contracts and
closes some hours later, then pulmonary and systemic circulation are functional.
dyspnea - Answer shortness of breath
dyspnea on exertion - Answer DOE shortness of breath on exertion like exercise
edema - Answer abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath skin or in one or more cavities of body that
produces swelling; pitting, generalized, and organ-specific
foramen ovale - Answer In fetal heart, allows blood to enter left atrium from right atrium, is one of two
fetal cardiac shunts
gallop rhythm - Answer abnormal rhythm of heart on auscultation, Includes S3/S4 sounds, resembles
gallop. Normal heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called S1/S2 that give well-known "lub-
dub" rhythm; caused by closing of valves in heart. Can contain both S3/S4 forming quadruple gallop, in
situations of very fast heart rate can produce a summation gallop where S3/S4 occur so close they are
indistinguishable.
S1 - Answer caused by closure of AV valves, start of systole, "lub" of lub-dub sound. Louder than S2 at
apex; coincides w/ carotid artery pulse; feel carotid gently as you ausultate at apex, sound you hear as
you feel each pulse. Can hear over entire precordium although loudest at apex
S2 - Answer louder than S1 at base, associated w/ closure of semilunar valves. Can hear with
diaphragm, over entire precordium, although loudest at base
S3 - Answer heard at apex or left lower sternal border, does not vary w/ respirations, lower pitched,
heard frequently in children/ young adults, can be heard occasionally in 40+ mainly women, normally
disapears when person sits up
S4 - Answer ventricular filling sounds, occurs when atria contract late in diastole, heard immediately
before S1, very soft, low pitch sounds, heard best at apex w/ person in left lateral position
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