FAU Dr. Brooks - Biological
Principles - Unit 3 Comprehensive
Study Guide with Questions &
answers | A Graded
What is the semi-conservative DNA model? What does it mean? - ✔✔The semi-conservative DNA
model represents the replication of DNA in which the old DNA chain splits in two, and then reconnects
with new strands of DNA, creating TWO SETS of:
50% old DNA + 50% new DNA
What is the process of ONLY the duplication of the nucleus into two separate nuclei? - ✔✔Mitosis
What is the process of ONLY separating two nuclei and other extracellular content into two
daughter cells? - ✔✔Cytokinesis
During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes duplicated and DNA synthesized? - ✔✔S
- Synthesis phase (within interphase)
What type/form of DNA is within the synthesis phase? - ✔✔Chromatin
During which metabolically active phase do cells spend most of their time? - ✔✔G1 phase
of interphase
Is it true that some cells of which do not plan on duplicating can remain within the G1 phase? -
✔✔TRUE - Cells that don't divide can remain within the G1 stage (also referred to as G0
stage)
,What occurs within the G2 stage? - ✔✔To supply additional structures such as tubulin in the form
of microtubules so that we can move things around within the mitotic and cytokinetic stages
What are the two histones? What do they appear as? - ✔✔The two histones are the:
Core - Center, wrapped with DNA which is held by the H1 histone
H1 - Clamps DNA to the Core
What is a nucleosome? - ✔✔Turns of DNA wrapped around a core histone locked in place by an
H1 histone.
What are nonhistones? - ✔✔Nonhistones are proteins such as histones but remain within
the chromatin once histones are removed
Where are histones located? - ✔✔Within the chromatin
What is each half of a chromosome called? - ✔✔A chromatid
Where are chromatids connected? - ✔✔The centromere
What are two identical chromatids bonded together at the centromere called? - ✔✔Two
chromatids bonded together is a duplicated Monad chromosome
What is the difference between a Monad chromosome and a Dyad chromosome? - ✔✔A Monad
chromosome is an unduplicated chromosome (contains one chromatid) meanwhile a Dyad
chromosome is a duplicated chromosomes (contains two identical, bonded chromatids)
,What type of chromosomes does a duplicated chromosome represent? - ✔✔A duplicated
chromosomes contains two chromatids of which can be described as two Monad chromosomes or one
Dyad chromosomes
T/F Histones & nonhistones are proteins - ✔✔TRUE
T/F Sexual reproducing animals have chromosomes that come in pairs? - ✔✔TRUE
What is formed when two haploid cells fuse? - ✔✔A dilploid cell
What is karyotyping? - ✔✔Determining pairs within a set of eukaryotic chromosomes
What is significant about the 23rd set of chromosomes? - ✔✔The 23rd pair of
chromosomes determines the sex of the organism.
IF the 23rd pair is identical, it is a female, if the 23rd pair is a non-pair, it is a male.
What are autosomes? Do they play role in determination of sex? - ✔✔Autosomes are the pairs
of chromosomes of which DO NOT determine the sex of the organism
What occurs within Interphase? - ✔✔Tubulin is formed into microtubules which are then formed
into spindle fibers & asters
What are the stages of mitosis? - ✔✔prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Why is interphase NOT a stage of mitosis? - ✔✔mitosis cannot occur without the DNA
duplication which must take place within interphase
T/F You can visually see if DNA has been duplicated within interphase? - ✔✔FALSE, you cannot see
if DNA has been duplicated within interphase
, During which stage of mitosis do these events occur:
-"chromosomes begin to appear as an X"
-the nuclear envelope begins to disappear,
-nucleolus disappears,
-long thread-like bodies of chromatin become evident and begin to condense as visible
chromosomes -chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken
-spindle forms between the centrioles, which have moved to the poles of the cell - ✔✔Prophase
During which stage of mitosis do these events occur:
-spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes
-chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell - ✔✔Metaphase
During which stage of mitosis do these events occur:
-chromatids separate at their centromeres, and one group of chromosomes moves toward each pole
-division of the cytoplasm, cytokinesis, has not yet occurred - ✔✔Anaphase
During which stage of mitosis do these events occur:
-nuclei reforms and cell division is completed as cytokinesis produces two daughter cells -
✔✔Telophase
During which stage of mitosis are the chromosomes lined within the center of the cell? -
✔✔Metaphase
During which stage of mitosis are the chromosomes pulled apart? - ✔✔Anaphase
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