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GENERAL BIOLOGY Exam Guide 2| Questions Answered 100% Correct/Verified Solutions
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GENERAL BIOLOGY Exam Guide 2|Questions Answered 100%
Correct/Verified Solutions
ray-finned fish - ANSWER member of the class Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with
fins supported by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring
reabsorption - ANSWER in excretory systems, the recovery of solutes and water from filtrate
reaction-center complex - ANSWER a complex of proteins associated with a special pair of
chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor; located centrally in a photosystem,
this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis; excited by light energy, the pair of
chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to
an electron transport chain
reading frame - ANSWER on an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by
the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis
receptacle - ANSWER the base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment
of the floral organs
receptor potential - ANSWER an initial response of a receptor cell to a stimulus, consisting of a
change in voltage across the receptor membrane proportional to the stimulus strength
,receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) - ANSWER a receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group
from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein; receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the
binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the
cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer; the phosphorylated tyrosines on the
receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell
receptor-mediated endocytosis - ANSWER the movement of specific molecules into a cell by
the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules
being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances
recessive allele - ANSWER an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote
reciprocal altruism - ANSWER altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby
the altruistic individual benefits in the future when the beneficiary reciprocates
recombinant chromosome - ANSWER a chromosome created when crossing over
combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
recombinant DNA - ANSWER a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different
sources
recombinant type - ANSWER an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-
breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself
rectum - ANSWER the terminal portion of the large intestine, where feces are stored prior to
elimination
red alga - ANSWER a photosynthetic protist, named for its color, which results from a red
pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll; most red algae are multicellular and marine
, redox reaction - ANSWER a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of
one or more electrons from one reactant to another
reducing agent - ANSWER the electron donor in a redox reaction
reduction - ANSWER the complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in
a redox reaction
reflex - ANSWER an automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or
lower brain
refractory period - ANSWER the short time immediately after an action potential in which the
neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium
channels
regulator - ANSWER an animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate
internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that
variable
regulatory gene - ANSWER a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that
controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes
reinforcement - ANSWER in evolutionary biology, a process in which natural selection
strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction, thus reducing the chances of hybrid
formation; such a process is likely to occur only if hybrid offspring are less fit than members of
the parent species
relative abundance - ANSWER the proportional abundance of different species in a community
relative fitness - ANSWER the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the
next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population
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