NSG 170- Type 2 & Gestational Diabetes Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NSG 170
Institution
NSG 170
T2D results from insulin resistance with a defect in compensatory insulin secretion
T2D formerly labeled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes
T2D -Condition of fasting hyperglycemia despite availability of endogenous insulin -Level of insulin produced varies
Pathophysi...
NSG 170- Type 2 & Gestational Diabetes
Questions and Correct Answers
T2D results from ✅insulin resistance with a defect in compensatory insulin secretion
T2D formerly labeled ✅non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset
diabetes
T2D ✅-Condition of fasting hyperglycemia despite availability of endogenous insulin
-Level of insulin produced varies
Pathophysiology of T2D ✅-Functioning of available influence impaired by insulin
resistance
-Exceeds ability of pancreas to compensate
-Over time, pancreas cannot meet body needs for insulin
-Insufficient production of insulin to prevent breakdown of fats, resultant ketosis
-T2D is nonketotic form of diabetes
-Amount of insulin available not sufficient to lower blood glucose levels through glucose
uptake by muscle, fat cells
Etiology of T2D ✅-Can occur at any age
-Usually middle age and older
-Major factor is cellular resistance to effects of insulin
-Increased by obesity, inactivity, medications, illnesses, age
-In obesity, insulin has decreased ability to influence glucose metabolism
-Weight loss and exercise can improve this ability
Rates of diagnosis by race/ethnicity ✅-Most common among American Indians, Alaska
Natives
-Least common among non-Hispanic Whites, Asian Americans
-Hispanics, non-Hispanic Blacks in the middle
Risk factors for T2D ✅-Diabetes in parents or siblings
-Obesity
-Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle
-Race/ethnicity
-History of gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or delivery of baby
> 9 pounds
-Hypertension
-Metabolic syndrome
prediabetes ✅individuals at increased risk of developing T2D
, risk factors for prediabetes ✅-Elevated A1C, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose
tolerance test (OGTT), but not to diagnosable levels
-Risk for progression to diabetes but not inevitable
-Increased risk for other adverse health outcomes
Prevention ✅-Individuals with prediabetes can prevent or delay diabetes, return blood
glucose levels to normal
-Weight loss
-Increased physical activity
complications of T2D ✅-Alterations in blood glucose levels
-Alterations in cardiovascular system
-Neuropathies
-Increased susceptibility to infection
-Periodontal disease
-Problems in the feet
-Microalbuminuria
-Overt nephropathy
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) ✅-complication of T2D
-Plasma osmolarity of ≥ 340 mOsm/L
-Blood glucose levels > 600 mg/dL
-Can go as high as 1000-2000 mg/dL
-Altered level of consciousness
-Serious, life-threatening emergency with high mortality rate
precipitating factor of HHS ✅-Infection
-Therapeutic agents
-Acute, chronic illnesses
-Acute illness is most common precipitating factor
Manifestations of HHS ✅-May appear slowly over 24 hours to 2 weeks
-Initiated by hyperglycemia
-Increased urine output → decreased plasma volume, glomerular filtration rate →
retention of glucose, loss of water
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