Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Final Exam || With Questions & Answers (Graded A+)
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Course
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Institution
Bioinformatics And Computational Biology
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Final Exam || With Questions & Answers (Graded A+)
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Final Exam || With Questions & Answers (Graded A+)
What is Bioinformatics? - ANSWER - Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary science to compile,
store, and analy...
, Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology Final Exam || With Questions &
Answers (Graded A+)
What is Bioinformatics? - ANSWER - Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary science to
compile,
store, and analyze/mine biological and medical data to help solve problems to
improve human health and well‐being
Differences between bioinformatics and computational biology - ANSWER -
Bioinformatics focuses on storage and analysis
of biological and medical data. Computational Biology is focused on modeling of
biological processes
Information used to propose the double helix DNA structure model by Watson and
Crick in 1953 - ANSWER - Rosalind Franklin's X-ray data. Electronegativity? ???
Chargaff's Rule?
What is the central dogma of molecular biology? Esp. its most important highlight -
ANSWER - DNA to RNA to Proteins. (With back and forth). Highlight is that once info
has gotten into a protein, it can't get back out again.
Structural integrity of DNA double-helix; why DNA basepairs are not possible
between purines only or between pyrimidines only? - ANSWER - Bonds need to be a
certain length. Purine:purine is too close, Pyrimidine:pyrimidine is too far.
The numbering system of DNA/RNA nucleotides (you learned this in lab) - ANSWER
- Pyrimidines start at 1 at Nitrogen connected to sugar. Counter-clockwise to double-
bonded oxygen. Purines start at top-right nitrogen, going clockwise on first ring. Left
ring continues with 7 at top, going counter-clockwise, finishing with bonding to sugar
at 9.
How does DNA replication and duplication differ? - ANSWER - DNA Replication: the
semi‐conservative copying process of entire DNA from its original DNA before cell
division
DNA Duplication: a process to duplicate a chromosomal region
IUPAC‐IUB symbols for nucleotides; study the detailed correspondences - ANSWER
- Examples: 1:1 A Adenosine (G Guanine etc)
1:2 R means A or G (Purine)
Y means C or T (Pyrimidine)
M[K]=amino group at C6 (A or C)
K[M]=Keto group at C6 (G or T)
S[W]=Strong HB (C or G)
W[S]=Weak HB (A or T)
1:3 B [A] exclusive of A
, D [C] exclusive of C
H [G] exclusive of G
V [U] exclusive of U
1:4 N any nucleotide
Complexity of eukaryotic gene expression - ANSWER - basically the central dogma.
coding->template->transcription->capping->slicing introns
->translation->post-translational modification
How DNA replication leads to changes or mutation? (discussed in class) - ANSWER
- Mutations can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from
the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division.
Most DNA replication errors are caused by mispairings of a different
nature/inappropriate bonding (A with G).
Sugar puckering patterns: C3'‐endo and C2'‐endo - ANSWER - Pucker mean it bend.
C3 mean 3 carbon location. C2 mean 2 carbon location. yay.
A-DNA and A-RNA are C3endo
B-DNA is C2endo
Meanings of terminologies in DNA/genome sequencing; read, contig, scaffold, and
assembly - ANSWER - (Questionable)
read=sequence data
contig=overlapping sequence datas (reads)
Scaffolds consist of overlapping contigs separated by gaps of known length
Assembly is everything overall putting it together to make a genome (the two
methods etc)
How to calculate the length of a gene and its protein product; how to write fragments
of the
final protein product using the 1‐letter codes of amino acids; carefully think about a
gene finding
algorithm!
Ex: Assume that the genome in each human cell is 3 billion basepairs (bp) in length
and an average adult has 70 trillion cells in the body. Considering that the rise per
basepair in DNA structure in a cell is 3.00 Ångstrom, calculate and report the total
DNA length in the body in kilometers (km) - ANSWER - 63 billion km? do the math
One letter codes are gross.
gene finding algorithm?
Given a sequence, local alignment algorithms such as BLAST, FASTA and Smith-
Waterman (gene prediction)
3‐letter and 1‐letter codes of 20 amino acids and their classification based on their
physicochemical properties (see lab questions!) - ANSWER - Nonpolar, aliphatic R
groups:
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Methionine, Isoleucine
Polar, uncharged R groups:
Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Proline, Asparagine, Glutamate
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