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NSG 522 Epidemiology/Biostats Verified Questions And Answers
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NSG 522 Epidemiology/Biostats Verified Questions And Answers
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NSG 522 Epidemiology/Biostats Verified QuestionsAnd Answers
Public health ANS Focused on protection the population from health threats. Public health includes; health
services, epidemiology, biostats
Epidemiology ANS Core science of public health. Studies the nature, extent, and cause of public health
problems. Studies methods of improving health and social conditions. Essential to all of the health sciences,
regardless of where their practice occurs.
History of Epidemiology ANS Modern epidemiology was developed as a science in the 1800s. The origins of
epidemiology as a science come from the study of epidemics of communicable diseases. In 1873, the oxford English
dictionary defined epidemiology as "the branch of medical science which treats epidemics"
History and trends of epidemiology ANS * By the second half of the 30th century, the focus of epidemiology
broadened from infectious diseases to other diseases.
*In 1970, definition of epidemiology included "the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency."
"The study of the occurrence of illness"
*Definition broadened in the later years. Focus changed from control of communicable disease epidemics to a focus
on all phenomena related to health including injury, trauma, and bioterrorism as well as health promoting and
disease protecting factors.
*Focus includes all of the above with a primary emphasis on prevention.
Types of prevention ANS *Primary- preventing before it happens
*Secondary- health screening/early detection. Treatment initiation that stops or slows down.
*Tertiary- limiting disability and rehabiliation
Epidemiological transition ANS *Trends in epidemiological focus changed over time due to epidemiological
transitions
*Epidemiological transitions are changes in population dynamics or characteristics due to changes in mortality
3 major periods of epidemiological transition ANS *The age of pestilence and famine. Mortality was high, life
expectancy was 20-40 yrs.
*The age of receding pandemics. Mortality declines, life expectancy was 30-50 yrs.
*The age of degenerative and man made diseases. Mortality is low, life expectancy >50 yrs.
,Current definition of epidemiology ANS the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states
and events in specified populations and the application of this knowledge to the control of health problems
What is epidemiology? Study, distribution, determinants ANS *Study- refers to systematic surveillance,
observation, experimentation. Use of a scientific approach
*Distribution- refers to the frequency and pattern of health related states and events.
*Determinants- refers to the physical, biological, social, cultural, economic, and behavioral factors that influence
health.
What is epidemiology? Health related states or events, specified populations, control of health problems ANS
*health related states or events: includes all health related states or events. Illness, injury, and disability as well as
restore health when disease is present.
*Specified populations: the characteristics of who is healthy, who is at risk for the disease, and who acquires the
disease.
*Control of health problems: the goal of epidemiology is to identify factors associated with the development of
disease and injury as well as factors that prevent illness and promote wellness.
Epidemiology key features ANS One of the key features is that epidemiology focuses on populations and
population health. Epidemiology is not focused on providing direct care to patients, that is what nurses do.
Core epidemiological functions ANS 1. Surveillance
2. Field investigations
3. Analytic studies
4. Evaluation
5. Linkages
6. Policy
First 4 core epidemiological functions ANS *Really investigative, evaluative, and research focused.
1) Surveillance
2) field investigations
3) analytic studies
4) evaluation
*Investigative, research, and evaluative functions have been the longstanding focus of epidemiologic work.
*Used to describe the distribution and determinants of health related states and events, as well of the efficacy,
effectiveness, and efficiency of health interventions and health services.
,Investigative core epidemiological functions ANS *Investigative functions include a focus on
-Identifying risk factors for health related states and events, and causes of health related states and events
*evaluating health interventions and programs for
-efficacy
-effectiveness
-efficiency
-cost
Last 2 core epidemiological functions ANS 5) Policy
6) Linkages
*Address the role of epidemiological work in informing health policy and all levels
*Emphasizes the importance of linkages across professions, organizations, governments, and other necessary
parties.
Epidemiology & measurement ANS *Epidemiology is a quantitative science
*Measurement is an essential feature of epidemiology
*Measurement focuses on the distribution of health related states and events (frequency and pattern) and the
determinants of health related states and events (causes)
5 Ws of epidemiology ANS *What: the health related event such as a disease, condition, injury, or behavior.
Always important to have a clear definition of whatever is being studied. Measurement must be precise and
accurate.
*Who: describes the person or persons that are affected by the health related event.
*Where: the place where the health related event has occurred.
*When: represents timing of health related event
*Why: explains the causes of health related states and events. Examines potential etiologies (helpful or harmful) for
the health related event
Descriptive epidemiology ANS *Descriptive epidemiology describes the frequency and pattern of health related
states and events. Frequency= number of events. Pattern= who, where, and when (person, place, and time)
Analytic Epidemiology ANS *Analytic epidemiology studies the why/how the cause and effect. Analytic
epidemiology quantifies the association between exposures and outcomes to determine causal relationships.
, Descriptive vs Analytic Epidemiology ANS *Descriptive epidemiology describes the distribution of health
related states and events, distribution is the frequency and pattern. Frequency is the quantification of "how many?'.
Pattern is the characterization of who, where, and when (person, place, and time)
*Analytic epidemiology describes the determinants of health related states and events. Determinants are the causal
factors, the why/how
Biostatistics ANS *Application of statistics to biological phenomenon
*Allows us to take numeric information and summarize it into a few numbers.
*Enables us to test hypotheses to determine whether there are associations between exposures and outcomes and
differences between groups.
The nations epidemiologist ANS the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Measurement ANS *Measurement is the process by which we link ideas or concepts with reality
*Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to events, objects, or situations
*Measurement= quantification
*Can be direct or indirect
*Biological characteristics (heart rate, weight, bone density) can usually be measured directly
*Psychological characteristics (depression, anxiety, satisfaction, quality of life) usually have to be measured
indirectly.
Examples of biological measurements ANS *Anthropometric measurement: weight, length, head circumference
(direct)
*Psychological measures: heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure. (direct)
*Biochemical measures: blood glucose levels, serum cholesterol levels, salivary cortisol levels, breast milk lipid
content (direct)
Examples of psychological measurements ANS *Knowledge
*Attitude
*Satisfaction
*Self efficiency
*Confidence
*pain
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