Chem 120 exam guide highly recommended
Degenerate
Degenerate orbitals = 2+ orbitals w/equal energy (ex= 2p)
-One electron goes into each degenerate orbital before any pairing occurs
Requires energy
1s-> 2s requires energy
-energy levels are dictated by principle quantum number (n)
-ne...
Degenerate orbitals = 2+ orbitals w/equal energy (ex= 2p)
-One electron goes into each degenerate orbital before any pairing occurs
Requires energy
1s-> 2s requires energy
-energy levels are dictated by principle quantum number (n)
-need more energy for an electron to move away from the nucleus
-energy levels get closer together as they increase in quantum number
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Orbitals
B/c 2s and 2p orbitals have the same principal quantum #, it will require exactly the same amount of
energy to remove an electron from either orbital
-as principal quantum number increases, energy difference between the states decreases
, Radii
-moving down a group, the atomic radii increases, moving from left to right along period, the atomic
radii decreases
-atomic radii decrease w/increase in effective nuclear charge
-for a given number of electrons, size decreases w/increase in atomic #
Valence electrons
Electrons in valence shell; electrons beyond those held by previous noble gas that determine the
bonding characteristics of an element
-all electrons beyond the previous noble gas configuration-> determine bonding characteristics
Cations
Smaller than neutral
Anions
Larger than neutral atom
Effective nuclear charge
Positive charge expected by a given electron after considering other electrons closer to the nucleus
Ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
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