Ch. 9
Crises Related t.o Personal Trauma
Learning GOALS
After studying this ch. , students should be able t.o:
1. Understand th’e prevalence of rape, sexual assault, interpersonal partner violence, child abuse
an’d bullying in th’e United States.
2. Develop awareness of a variety of issues an’d concerns for’ those who are victimized.
3. Grasp effective interventions for’ those being victimized an’d traumatized.
4. Apply this knowledge t.o case vignettes in role-play sessions using th’e ABC Model.
Ch. !OUTLINE!
Sexual Assault an’d Rape
What Is Rape?
What is Sexual Assault?
Interventions with_ a Rape Victim
Th’e Empowerment Model with_ Sexual Assault Survivors
Date an’d Acquaintance Rape
Intimate Partner Violence
A Historical Perspective
Cultural Factors an’d Universal Factors Related t.o Intimate Partner Abuse
Cultural Considerations
Prevalence of Intimate Partner Abuse
Why Do People Stay?
Th’e Battering Cycle
Battered Woman Syndrome
Intervening with_ Battered Women
Th’e Batterer
A Phenomenological View of th’e Batterer
Interventions with_ th’e Batterer
Child Abuse Issues
Types of Child Abuse
, How t.o Detect Child Abuse an’d Neglect
Presumptive Indicators of Child Sexual Abuse
Infant Whiplash Syndrome
Association of Child Abuse with_ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Reporting Child Abuse
Interventions with_ an Abused Child
Th’e Battering Parent
Interventions for’ Adults Who Were Sexually Abused as Children
Intervention for’ Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse
Bullying
Definition
Statistics
Intervention Strategies
Working with_ Families an’d Victims
Working with_ Families an’d th’e Bully
Ch. Overview
Personal threat related t.o abuse, rape, an’d sexual assault can lead t.o PTSD. Sexual assault is
defined followed by interventions with_ a rape victim, including date an’d acquaintance rape.
Empowering th’e victim is covered. Intimate partner violence dispels myths, an’d addresses cultural
factors an’d th’e battering cycle. Interventions for’ battered woman an’d working with_ batterers are
covered. Recognizing child abuse an’d interventions as well as interventions for’ adults who were
abused an’d children are explored. Bullying is defined an’d intervention strategies identified.
ACTIVITIES
1. Abusers have t.o overcome th’e child’s natural resistance t.o th’e sexual abuse. Further, in
order t.o repeat th’e abuse they need t.o prevent th’e abuse fro’m being discovered. Think
about th’e barriers an abuser must overcome in order t.o commit th’e abuse. Compare
your thoughts with_ a classmate.
2. Abusers use a variety of techniques in order t.o coerce others into behaving th’e way they
want. Common methods of coercion are isolation, controlling perceptions, creating a state
of exhaustion, threats, unpredictability, degrading th’e victim, an’d setting trivial demands.
Identify behaviors that would fit into each of these categories. You can use a television
show or movie t.o identify specific coercive behaviors of abusers. How many examples
can you find for’ each category?
3. What causes bullying? What are th’e roots of bullying behavior? Conduct an online search
for’ articles an’d theories about th’e causes of bullying. How many causes can you
identify? Have you witnessed any examples? Write about your experiences.
Discussion Questions
1. What are 3 things t.o keep in mind when working with_ a rape victim?
, 2. What are some effective intervention strategies for’ victims of domestic abuse?
3. How are th’e signs or indicators of th’e four types of child abuse distinguished fro’m accidents
an’d childhood injuries?
KEY CONCEPTS
AMACS (adults molested as children): Adults who often manifest PTSD because of th’e
unresolved emotional residue of childhood sexual abuse. Support groups for’ this population are
increasing.
battered woman syndrome: A form of PTSD frequently manifested by women who are continually
beaten by their domestic partners. Often, th’e woman develops a sense of helplessness an’d
hopelessness. She does not consider leaving her abuser; rather, she focuses on surviving th’e abuse.
She is often in a daze.
battering cycle: Th’e events leading t.o, through, an’d away fro’m domestic violence. Th’e cycle
begins in th’e honeymoon period, when both partners are in love an’d feel happy. Th’e tension builds
an’d eventually an explosion happens, either verbally or physically. After th’e explosion, th’e batterer
feels relieved an’d seeks forgiveness, an’d th’e honeymoon begins again. Eventually, th’e honeymoon
period goes away, an’d th’e couple oscillates between tension an’d violence.
child abuse accommodation syndrome: A protective condition in which an abused child maintains
secrecy about th’e abuse, permits it t.o reoccur, an’d, even if th’e abuse is accidentally disclosed, tries
t.o suppress it.
child protective services agency: A county or state agency established t.o protect children fro’m
abuse by investigating reports of child abuse an’d intervening when necessary.
cyberbullying: A form of intimidation, threat, teasing, or humiliation that occurs on th’e Internet,
through email, through texting, or social websites.
date rape: When a rape occurs between someone that th’e victims knows as a friend or
acquaintance. This is th’e most common type of rape an’d is difficult t.o prosecute.
empowerment model: This approach is encouraged when working with_ rape victims. Th’e focus is
on th’e victim gaining a sense of control an’d moving fro’m “victim” t.o “survivor.”
infant whiplash syndrome/shaken baby syndrome: A very serious form of child abuse that results
when a baby is shaken. Th’e shaking causes th’e brain t.o roll around in th’e skull cavity. This abuse
can lead t.o brain damage or death.
mandated reporting laws: Laws requiring professionals such as counselors, teachers, an’d medical
personnel who work with_ children t.o report any suspicions of child abuse t.o either a child protective
services agency or a law enforcement agency. Exactly who is required by law t.o report an’d th’e
procedures for’ reporting vary fro’m state t.o state.
nonperpetrating parent: This refers t.o th’e parent who has not actually abused th’e child directly.
This parent may or may not know of th’e abuse an’d may or may not try t.o stop it.
perpetrator: This refers t.o a person who abuses someone either physically or sexually.
, substantiated: This is th’e legal term used t.o indicate that a child abuse claim has been investigated
by officials an’d found t.o fit th’e legal criteria for’ abuse.
CORRELATION CHART
A-head LO CACREP EPAS HumanServices
Sexual 1. Understand th’e 3 8a STANDARD 26
Assault an’d prevalence of rape, Human service
Rape sexual assault, f. systemic an’d Critically choose professionals seek
interpersonal environmental an’d implement th’e training,
partner violence, factors that affect interventions t.o experience,
child abuse, an’d human development, achieve practice education an’d
bullying in th’e functioning, an’d goals an’d supervision
United States. behavior enhance necessary t.o
capacities of ensure their
2. Develop 2 clients an’d effectiveness in
awareness of a constituencies working with_
h. strategies for’
variety of issues culturally diverse
identifying an’d
an’d concerns for’ individuals based
eliminating barriers,
those who are on age, ethnicity,
prejudices, an’d
victimized. processes of culture, race,
3. Grasp effective intentional an’d ability, gender,
interventions for’ unintentional language
those being oppression an’d preference, religion,
victimized an’d discrimination sexual orientation,
traumatized. socioeconomic
5 status, nationality,
or other historically
j. evidence-based
oppressive groups.
counseling strategies
In addition, they will
an’d techniques for’
strive t.o increase
prevention an’d
their competence in
intervention
methods which are
known t.o be th’e
best fit for’ th’e
population(s) with_
whom they work.
Intimate 1. Understand th’e 3 8a STANDARD 26
Partner prevalence of rape, Human service
Violence sexual assault, f. systemic an’d Critically choose professionals seek
interpersonal environmental an’d implement th’e training,
partner violence, factors that affect interventions t.o experience,
child abuse, an’d human development, achieve practice education an’d
bullying in th’e functioning, an’d goals an’d supervision
United States. behavior enhance necessary t.o
capacities of ensure their
2. Develop 2 clients an’d effectiveness in
awareness of a constituencies working with_
h. strategies for’
