N3632: Test #3 Review Questions With Complete Solutions
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPERCALCEMIA
Correct Answers excess calcium : excess calcium in the ECF
Caused by: cancer, hyperparathyroidism
Results in nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, excessive
urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, slurred speech
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPERCHLOREMIA
Correct Answers above normal level of chloride in the ECF
Caused by: metabolic acidosis, head trauma, increased
perspiration, excess adrenocorticoid hormone production,
decreased glomerular filtration
Results in tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive
ability, hypertension, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias,
coma
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPERKALEMIA
Correct Answers Potassium excess : Excess of K+ in ECF
Caused by: renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, medications
(potassium chloride, heparin, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS,
potassium-sparing diuretics)
Results in muscle weakness , paralysis, cardiac irregularities,
cardiac arrest
,Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPERMAGNESEMIA
Correct Answers Excess magnesium in the ECF
Caused by: renal failure, excessive magnesium intake (antacids,
laxatives)
Results in: nausea, vomiting, weakness, flushing, lethargy, loss
of DTRs, respiratory depression, coma, cardiac arrest
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPERNATREMIA
Correct Answers Excess sodium in the ECF : gain of sodium or
excess water
increased extracellular osmotic pressure --> fluid moves out of
cell into ECF --> cells shrink
Caused by: fluid deprivation, lack of fluid intake, diarrhea,
excess insensible water loss (hyperventilation, burns)
Results in restlessness, weakness, disorientation, delusion,
hallucination, permanent brain damage
Describe the clinical manifestations of
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA Correct Answers above normal
serum concentration of phosphorus
Caused by: impaired kidney excretion, hypoparathyroidism
Results in tetany, anorexia, nausea, muscle weakness,
tachycardia
,Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPERVOLEMIA
Correct Answers Fluid volume excess -- excessive retention of
water and sodium in ECF
caused by kidney malfunction and heart failure
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPOCALCEMIA
Correct Answers calcium deficit : insufficient amount of
calcium in the ECF
Caused by: inadequate calcium intake, impaired calcium
absorption, excessive calcium loss
Results in tingling of fingers, mouth, or feet; tetany, muscle
cramps, seizures
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPOCHLOREMIA
Correct Answers below normal level of chloride in the ECF
Caused by: severe vomiting, diarrhea, draining of gastric fluid,
metabolic alkalosis, diuretic therapy, burns
Results in: hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive
DTRs, weakness, muscle cramps
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPOKALEMIA
Correct Answers Potassium deficit : insufficient amount of K+
in ECF
low extracellular potassium --> potassium moves out of cell -->
intracellular potassium deficiency
, Caused by: vomiting, gastric suction, alkalosis, diarrhea,
diuretics
Results in muscle weakness, leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesia,
dysrhythmias
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPOMAGNESEMIA
Correct Answers insufficient amount of magnesium in ECF
Caused by: NG suction, diarrhea, alcohol withdrawal, tube
feedings, TPN, sepsis, burns
Results in muscle weakness, tremors, tetany, seizures, heart
block, changes in mental status, hyperactive deep tendon
reflexes, respiratory paralysis
Describe the clinical manifestations of HYPONATREMIA
Correct Answers Insufficient amount of sodium in the ECF :
Loss of sodium or gain of water
decrease in sodium -->fluid moves from less concentrated ECF
to ICF --> swelling of cells
Caused by vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, sweating, diuretics
Results in confusion, hypotension, edema, muscle
cramps/weakness, dry skin
