Exam (elaborations)
NURS 351 Exam 1B
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NURS 351 Exam 1B NURS 351 Exam 1B NURS 351 Exam 1B
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NURS 351 Exam 1Bpain is a - ANS protective mechanism
pain is the most common - ANS symptom for which people seek medical treatment
optimal pain management causes - ANS -quicker rate of recovery
-better functioning
-fewer postoperative complications
pain is the signal between - ANS periphery, spinal cord, brain
simple reflex arc - ANS response at spinal cord level, does not involve the brain
nociceptors - ANS pain nerves
spinal cord - ANS pain signals up to brain through ascending tract (spinothalamic tract)
brain sends - ANS outgoing signals to modify pain, endorphins
neurotransmitters - ANS -enhance/inhibit pain signals
-acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, etc
simple reflex arc:
afferent neuron
interneuron
efferent neuron - ANS afferent neuron: incoming signal to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
interneuron: connector
,efferent neuron: outgoing signal from the anterior spinal cord
a protective response that do not involve brain input
what interprets pain signals - ANS the brain
spinothalamic tract - ANS primary ascending tract for pain signals from spinal cord to brain
corticospinal tract - ANS outgoing signals from he brain travel on this descending tract
Nociception - ANS the response of the nervous system to painful stimuli
nociceptors are - ANS pain receptors
A-delta (10%) - ANS large, myelinated fibers that carry initial acute signal of pain (sharp, stinging,
cutting, pinching)
C-fibers (90%) - ANS Small, unmyelinated fibers that carry signals of dull, persistent pain (dull,
burning, aching)
neurotransmitters and pain, can be - ANS excitatory or inhibitory
what manipulation is used for pain management? - ANS pharmacological manipulation
neurochemicals & actions:
prostaglandins (from Cox 1 enzymatic pathway) - ANS enhances inflammation, pain, edema
neurochemicals & actions:
interleukins - ANS enhances inflammation, pain, edema
, neurochemicals & actions:
tumor necrosis factor - ANS enhances inflammation, edema, pain, decreases appetite
neurochemicals & actions:
leukotrienes - ANS enhances inflammation, edema, and bronchospasm, esp. in asthma and allergy
neurochemicals & actions:
bradykinins - ANS enhances inflammation
neurochemicals & actions:
glutamate - ANS amplifies pain signal
neurochemicals & actions:
Substance P - ANS amplifies pain signal
neurochemicals & actions:
enkephalins, endorphins - ANS inhibitory influence on pain; natural opioid
neurochemicals & actions:
acetylcholine - ANS inhibitory action on pain in the spinal cord
neurochemicals & actions:
gamma-aminobutyric acid - ANS inhibitory action on pain in the spinal cord AND brain
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