Essential International Relations Documents for Scholars and Professionals
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Course
International Relations
Institution
International Relations
Key features include:
Analysis of major international relations theories.
Case studies from global diplomatic incidents.
Discussion on the role of international organizations like the UN, WTO, and IMF.
Insights into contemporary issues such as climate diplomacy, trade wars, and geopolitical s...
1#.What is credible nuclear deterrence ? Explain it in perspective of Pakistan and
India;
2#.Significance of OBOR in liberal economic agenda ;
3#.JCPOA and Iran deal ;
4#.Palestine Issue and measures for it ;
5#.Rising challenge of Islamophobia and road map to counter it ;
6#.Explain Bolshevik revolution. Regime by Communists in Russia and their
revolutionary ideology for consumerism, political stability, law and order and
social progress.
7#What are essential ideas of postmodernism ? Define international relations in
its perspective.
8.Difference between neorealism and constructivism ;
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,1#.What is credible nuclear deterrence ? Explain it in perspective
of Pakistan and India;
1.**Kenneth N. Waltz**: Waltz, a prominent figure in international relations theory,
defined credible nuclear deterrence as the possession of a secure second-strike
capability. This means having the ability to retaliate even after absorbing a nuclear
attack, ensuring that any potential aggressor would not have a decisive advantage.
2.**Robert Jervis**: Jervis emphasized the importance of perception in credible
nuclear deterrence. He argued that a credible deterrent requires the enemy to believe
that the deterring state possesses both the capability and the intent to retaliate with
devastating force if attacked.
3.**Thomas C. Schelling**: Schelling contributed the concept of the "rationality of
irrationality." He suggested that credibility in nuclear deterrence could be achieved by
intentionally making one's own response to an attack unpredictable or potentially
disproportionate, thereby making the adversary think twice before initiating an attack.
4.**Scott D. Sagan**: Sagan discussed the role of organizational and technological
factors in credible deterrence. He highlighted the significance of a robust command and
control structure, secure communication systems, and reliable weapons systems to
ensure that the deterrence message is clear and the capability is maintained.
5.**John Mearsheimer**: Mearsheimer's theory of offensive realism argues that states
should strive for an "overkill" capability to ensure credible deterrence. This means
having a nuclear arsenal large enough to survive an enemy's first strike and still be able
to inflict an unacceptable level of damage in retaliation.
These scholars offer varying perspectives on credible nuclear deterrence, emphasizing
factors like capability, intent, perception, unpredictability, and technology. Each of these
elements contributes to the overall credibility of a state's nuclear deterrent posture.
Nuclear deterrence relies on several key elements to effectively discourage
adversaries from launching a nuclear attack:
1.**Capability**: Possessing a credible and robust nuclear arsenal, including a variety
of delivery systems (such as ballistic missiles, submarines, and bombers) capable of
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,reaching potential aggressors. The capability to cause significant damage is essential
for deterring potential adversaries.
2.**Credibility**: Adversaries must believe that a state has both the means and the
resolve to use its nuclear weapons if attacked. This involves clear communication of
intentions, reliable command and control systems, and a demonstrated commitment to
retaliate in the face of aggression.
3.**Second-Strike Capability**: The ability to retaliate even after absorbing a nuclear
attack. A secure second-strike capability ensures that a state can inflict significant
damage on an adversary even if its own territory has been hit.
4.**Survivability**: Ensuring the survivability of a state's nuclear forces is crucial. This
involves dispersing nuclear assets, hardening facilities, and employing stealth and other
countermeasures to minimize the risk of a preemptive strike.
5.**Escalation Control**: Establishing a range of response options that can be tailored
to the severity of the threat. This allows a state to communicate its willingness to
escalate the conflict if necessary, thereby deterring aggression without necessarily
resorting to a nuclear exchange.
6.**Perception Management**: Shaping how adversaries perceive the state's nuclear
capabilities and intentions. This includes a combination of public statements, military
exercises, and diplomatic efforts to ensure that the adversary accurately understands
the risks of escalation.
7.**Clear Communication**: Articulating a clear and consistent nuclear policy that
outlines the conditions under which nuclear weapons might be used. This reduces
uncertainty and miscalculation on the part of potential aggressors.
8.**Flexibility**: Maintaining a degree of flexibility in nuclear strategy and response
options. This allows a state to adapt its deterrence posture to changing geopolitical
circumstances.
9.**Stability**: Striving for a stable international environment where potential
adversaries recognize the mutual risks of nuclear conflict, reducing the likelihood of
irrational or impulsive actions.
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, 10.**Non-Nuclear Options**: Developing and maintaining conventional military
capabilities that can act as a deterrent in tandem with nuclear forces, providing
additional layers of defense and reducing the dependence solely on nuclear weapons.
These elements collectively contribute to the effectiveness of nuclear deterrence,
helping to prevent nuclear conflict by raising the potential costs and risks for those
considering aggressive actions.
Credible nuclear deterrence from the perspectives of Pakistan and India refers to their
respective abilities to dissuade the other from initiating a nuclear conflict by possessing
the necessary capabilities, strategies, and communication methods. Here's how it
applies to both countries:
**Pakistan's Perspective**:
Pakistan's credible nuclear deterrence strategy is primarily centered around the concept
of "full-spectrum deterrence." Given its relative conventional military inferiority compared
to India, Pakistan seeks to deter any form of aggression, whether nuclear or
conventional, by maintaining a credible nuclear arsenal. Key points in Pakistan's
deterrence posture include:
1.**Minimum Credible Deterrence**:
Pakistan aims to possess a sufficient number of nuclear weapons and delivery systems
to ensure that any potential aggressor (in this case, India) understands that launching a
first strike would result in unacceptable damage.
2.**Second-Strike Capability**:
Pakistan has focused on developing a second-strike capability, which means that even
if its military infrastructure is compromised in a nuclear exchange, it still retains the
ability to launch a retaliatory strike, causing significant damage to the adversary.
3. **Command and Control**:
Pakistan has invested in securing its nuclear command and control systems to prevent
unauthorized or accidental use of nuclear weapons. This enhances the credibility of its
deterrence by assuring adversaries that its weapons are under responsible control.
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