CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY-IN-FOCUS
CHAPTERS 1-6 EXAM GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Adapted - answer-matched to the local environment.
Evolution - answer-descent with modification; the idea that living species are
descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also
defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation.
Biology - answer-the scientific study of life.
Reductionism - answer-the approach of reducing complex systems to simpler
components that are more manageable to study.
Biosphere - answer-the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the
planet's ecosystems.
Ecosystem - answer-all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with
which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around
them.
Community - answer-all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of
populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
Population - answer-a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same
area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
Organism - answer-an individual living thing.
Organ - answer-a specialized center of body function composed of several different
types of tissues.
Organ system - answer-a group of organs that work together in performing vital body
functions.
Tissue - answer-an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.
Cell - answer-life's fundamental unit of structure and function.
,Organelle - answer-any of several kinds of membrane-enclosed structures with
specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Molecule - answer-two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Atom - answer-the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
Emergent properties - answer-new properties that arise with each step upward in the
hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity
increases.
Systems biology - answer-an approach to studying biology that aims to model the
dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions
among the system's parts.
Eukaryotic cell - answer-a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles and include protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Prokaryotic cell - answer-a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles and include bacteria and archaea.
Dna - answer-a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-helix, in which each
polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and
the nitrogenous bases adenine (a), cytosine (c), guanine (g), and thymine (t); capable of
being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
Replication - answer-the process of copying dna before a cell divides.
Gene - answer-a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in dna (or rna, in some viruses).
Gene expression - answer-the process by which information encoded in dna directs the
synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, rnas that are not translated into proteins and
instead function as rnas.
Genome - answer-the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete
complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid
sequences.
Genomics - answer-the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a
species, as well as genome comparisons between species.
Bioinformatics - answer-the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to
process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
, Bacteria - answer-one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being archaea.
Archaea - answer-one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria.
Eukarya - answer-the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.
Natural selection - answer-a process in which individuals that have certain inherited
traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of
those traits.
Science - answer-an approach to understanding the natural world.
Inquiry - answer-the search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific
questions.
Data - answer-recorded observations.
Qualitative data - answer-a type of recorded observation that is descriptive and not
numerical.
Quantitative data - answer-a type of recorded observation that is numerical and often
organized into tables and graphs.
Inductive reasoning - answer-a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a
large number of specific observations.
Hypothesis - answer-a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the
available data and guided by inductive reasoning. Narrower in scope than theory.
Deductive reasoning - answer-a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from
a general premise.
Controlled experiment - answer-an experiment in which an experimental group is
compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
Theory - answer-an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates
new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.
Technology - answer-the application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often
involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.
Activation energy - answer-the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a
chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation.
Active site - answer-the specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means
of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller biggdreamer. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.