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CCJ 4700 Exam 1 Questions and Answers well Explained Latest 2024/2025 Update 100% Correct.
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• cross-sectional designs vs longitudinal designs - strengths and weaknesses of both - > Crosssectional - Most common form of analysis - "snapshot" at a given time point - Usually the simplest and cheapest - Cannot fully capture change or social processes > Longitudinal - Directly inc...

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  • September 15, 2024
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CCJ 4700 Exam 1
• cross-sectional designs vs longitudinal designs - strengths and weaknesses of both - > Cross-
sectional

- Most common form of analysis

- "snapshot" at a given time point

- Usually the simplest and cheapest

- Cannot fully capture change or social processes

> Longitudinal



- Directly incorporates time



- More powerful for measuring change



- More costly and difficult



• formal vs substantive theory - - Substantive theory is developed for a specific area of social
concern. If you want to study, test, or develop substantive theory, you can examine cases within the
same substantive area. For example, you could observe several different gangs, but not attempt to say
something about delinquency in general. It could be thought of as shared theories among experts in a
certain subfield.

- Formal theory is developed for a broad conceptual area in general theory. If you want to study, test, or
develop general theory, you can compare cases within the same formal area. For example, to study
crime, you could examine various forms of crime (e.g., property, violent, white collar, drugs) without
paying too much attention to the details of each form.



• 2 sources of agreement reality - Tradition and Authority



• Errors in personal inquiry and their solutions - Inaccurate observation (sol: scientific obs),
overgeneralization (sol: high value of large samples and replication - repeating a study, checking to see
whether similar results are obtained each time), selective observation (sol: specify in advance the

, number and kind of observations to be made), illogical reasoning, ideology and politics (sol: stay
objective)



• 4 purposes of research - Exploration, description, explanation, application



• 2 types of support that must present before scientists can agree on the reality of something -
Logical and Empirical



• Gambler's fallacy - - An illustration of illogic in day-to-day reasoning

- According to this fallacy, a consistent run of good or bad luck is presumed to foreshadow its opposite.



• Type I and Type II error - Type I error - conclude a relationship exists when in fact it doesn't

Type II error - conclude there is no relationship when in fact there is one



• Theory - definition - A set of interconnected statements or propositions that explain how two or
more events or factors are related to one another




• Hypothesis - definition - An explanation about the nature of things derived from a theory. It's a
statement of something that will be observed in the real world if the theory is correct.



• 3 conditions that must be met in order for a statement to be considered a hypothesis -
Hypotheses have three parts:



1. Expectation about reality



2. Based on a theory



3. Testable

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