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CCJ 4700 Exam 1 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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CCJ 4700 Exam 1 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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CCJ 4700 Exam 1 with complete solutions2024/2025
• 2 sources of agreement reality - ANSWER- Tradition and Authority
• Errors in personal inquiry and their solutions - ANSWER- Inaccurate observation
(sol: scientific obs), overgeneralization (sol: high value of large samples and
replication - repeating a study, checking to see whether similar results are
obtained each time), selective observation (sol: specify in advance the number
and kind of observations to be made), illogical reasoning, ideology and politics
(sol: stay objective)
• 4 purposes of research - ANSWER- Exploration, description, explanation,
application
• 2 types of support that must present before scientists can agree on the reality of
something - ANSWER- Logical and Empirical
• Gambler's fallacy - ANSWER- - An illustration of illogic in day-to-day reasoning
- According to this fallacy, a consistent run of good or bad luck is presumed to
foreshadow its opposite.
• Type I and Type II error - ANSWER- Type I error - conclude a relationship exists
when in fact it doesn't
Type II error - conclude there is no relationship when in fact there is one
• Theory - definition - ANSWER- A set of interconnected statements or
propositions that explain how two or more events or factors are related to one
another
, • formal vs substantive theory - ANSWER- - Substantive theory is developed for a
specific area of social concern. If you want to study, test, or develop substantive
theory, you can examine cases within the same substantive area. For example,
you could observe several different gangs, but not attempt to say something
about delinquency in general. It could be thought of as shared theories among
experts in a certain subfield.
- Formal theory is developed for a broad conceptual area in general theory. If you
want to study, test, or develop general theory, you can compare cases within the
same formal area. For example, to study crime, you could examine various forms
of crime (e.g., property, violent, white collar, drugs) without paying too much
attention to the details of each form.
• Grounded theory - ANSWER- A type of inductive theory that is based on
(grounded in) field observation. The researcher makes observations in natural
settings, then formulates a tentative theory that explains those observations.
• Hypothesis - definition - ANSWER- An explanation about the nature of things
derived from a theory. It's a statement of something that will be observed in the
real world if the theory is correct.
• 3 conditions that must be met in order for a statement to be considered a
hypothesis - ANSWER- Hypotheses have three parts:
1. Expectation about reality
2. Based on a theory
3. Testable
• Independent and dependent variables -Be able to identify them in a hypothesis. -
ANSWER- Independent variable (IV) - considered the "cause" in a cause-effect
relationship; variation in independent variables are independent/not associated
with variation in other variables (predictor variable)
Dependent variable (DV) - considered the "effect" in a cause-effect relationship;
variation in dependent variables are dependent/contingent upon variation in
independent variables (thing you're trying to predict)
• 4 different longitudinal designs - ANSWER- Time-series study - looks at changes
within some general population over time. (ex: UCR)
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