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Exam (elaborations)

NCA 623 Comprehensive Exam Study Guide

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NCA 623 Comprehensive Exam Study Guide ...

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  • September 16, 2024
  • 23
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • aha normal bp
  • NCA 623
  • NCA 623
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NCA 623 Comprehensive Exam
Study Guide

What are the effects of hypertension on the eyes? - Answer Hypertensive retinopathy

AV nicking

Flame hemorrhages

Retinal edema

Cotton wool spots

Hard exudates

AHA normal BP - Answer < 120 and < 80

AHA elevated BP - Answer 120-129 and < 80

AHA stage 1 HTN - Answer 130-139 OR 80-89

AHA stage 2 HTN - Answer >/= 140 OR >/=90

What are the effects of hypertension on the kidneys? - Answer Hypertensive
nephropathy

Nephrosclerosis, thickening of the vessel walls

Hyaline arteriosclerosis 2/2 protein deposition

Glomerulosclerosis from fibroblast activation by mesangial cells in response to low O2

What are the effects of hypertension on the cardiovascular system? - Answer
Atherosclerosis

Heart failure

MI

Aortic dissection

LVH

S3 gallop

What are the effects of hypertension on the nervous system? - Answer Vascular
dementia

,Stroke

Hypertensive encephalopathy

What are the clinical findings of endocarditis? - Answer Fever

Murmur

↑ ESR and WBC

Endo stigmata:

- Osler's nodes, painful palpable lesions of the fingers and toes,

- Janeway lesions, non-palp non-tender lesions of the hands and feet,

- Splinter hemorrhages of the nails

- Roth spots: exudative lesions of the retina

Primary symptoms of endocarditis - Answer Fever, night sweats, malaise, weight loss

What Duke Criteria must be met to diagnose endocarditis? - Answer 2 majors OR 1
major and 3 minor

Major: positive blood culture, evidence of endocardial involvement

Minor: predisposing factors, temp > 38, vascular phenomena, immunologic phenomena,
microbiological evidence

What antibiotics are ordered empirically for endocarditis? - Answer Vanc and
ceftriaxone for staph, strep, and enterococci

What antibiotics are ordered as prophylaxis prior to dental work in patients with a risk of
endocarditis? - Answer Clindamycin, azithromycin, or cephalexin

What are the causes of pericarditis? - Answer ***Viral

Autoimmune

Cancer

Trauma

What is the typical presentation of pericarditis? - Answer Pleuritic chest pain made
worse with deep inspiration and relieved by sitting forward

What are the clinical findings of pericarditis? - Answer Friction rub

↑ ESR and CRP

Tachycardia

, What ECG changes are seen in pericarditis? - Answer Diffuse scooping ST elevation

PR depression in the limb leads

What labs are commonly elevated in pericarditis? - Answer CRP and ESR

What is the treatment of pericarditis? - Answer - High dose aspirin or NSAIDS for pain

- Indomethacin, colchicine, or steroids

- Monitor for tamponade

How is post-MI, or Dressler syndrome treated? - Answer Aspirin and colchicine instead
of NSAIDS

Corticosteroids for severe or refractory cases

What drug class reduces mortality rate after a STEMI? - Answer ACE inhibitors

What are the first three interventions for a-fib with RVR? - Answer - Rate control with BB
or CCB

- Rhythm control w amio

- Anticoagulation

What is the most common cause of myocarditis? - Answer URI, COVID

What is the presentation of myocarditis? - Answer Sudden onset HF following an URI

Chest pain

Dyspnea

Tachycardia/Arrythmias

Gallop

Cardiogenic shock

What is required for a definitive diagnosis of myocarditis? - Answer Histological
evidence from biopsy

What is the treatment for myocarditis? - Answer NSAIDS for pain

ACE or ARB for those with EF <40%

What are the inferior leads and what coronary arteries do they reflect? - Answer II, III,
aVF - RCA and rarely the LCx

What are the inferolateral leads and what coronary arteries do they reflect? - Answer II,
III, aVF, V5, V6 - LCx

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