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MMSC490 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate Answers
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MMSC490 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate AnswersProkaryotic cell
Type of cell characterized by the lack of a nucleus and nuclear envelope.
It contains much less DNA.
1 um in dimension
No organelles
1.5 to 5 * 10^6 base pairs
Single circular DNA molecule
Eukaryotic cell
Cell that has nucleus and nuclear envelope which separates the genetic material from
the cytoplasm
10-100 um
Has organelles
1.51-^7 to 5 1- ^9 base pairs
Multiple linear DNA molecules
circular
shape of the prokaryotic DNA molecule; only 1 of them
linear
shape of the eukaryotic DNA molecule; multiple of them
genes
segments of DNA that encode proteins of RNA
functional units of inheritance
has all the sequence information that can lead to a protein o a distinct sequence
transcription
nucleotide gene sequence is copied into RNA
,translation
nucleotide sequence of RNA is used to specify the order of amino acids in a protein
phospholipids
the component of all present day biological membranes
spontaneously form the membrane when placed in water
two fatty acids joined to a polar head
amphipathic
having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
hydrophobic
water-insoluble; describes chains of phospholipids
hydrophilic
water-soluble; describes the head groups of phospholipids
lipid bilayer
structure of biological membranes thats forms when the tails of lipids interact with each
other and the heads interact with water
RNA
the primordial nucleic acid that mades up early organisms
encapsulated in the phospholipid bulater
ATP
main energy source that cells use for most of their work and metabolism
has a tri-phosphate group on the 5' end that has an alpha to beta bond and a beta to
gamma bond that are both very high energy
when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate the beta-gamma bond breaks and
release 7.5 kcal/mol of energy
beta-gamma
this is the name for the bond that breaks when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate
7.5 kcal/mol
the amount of energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed
,glycolysis, photosynthesis, oxidative metabolism
the three evolutionary stages of ATP generation
glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy 2 ATP and pyruvic acid
photosynthesis
harnessing energy from sunlight so that cells do not require preformed organic
molecules
efficient way to generate energy
H2S
the compound from which the first photosynthetic bacteria converted CO2 to organic
molecules
oxidative metabolism
the process by which oxygen is used to degrade carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to
produce energy
much more productive than glycolysis
36-38
total number of ATPs produced during oxidative metabolism
archebacteria
species living in present times of prokaryotes that live in the most extreme environments
bacteria
huge diverse group of prokaryotes that exist in the most variety of environments
cyanobacteria
the group of bacteria where photosynthesis evolved
largest and most complex prokaryotes
e. coli
typical prokaryotic cell that is usually used for experiments because of the following
reasons: simple genome, easy to culture; rigid cell wall; fast replication time ; plasma
membrane; DNA is in the form of a circle; its cytoplasm contains a large amount of
ribosomes; simple growth requirements; are able to carry on biosynthetic reactions in
simple media; most intensively studied bacterial species; nucleus; the largest organelle;
, DNA linear; DNA replication and transcription take place here; RNA processing occurs
here; chloroplast; part of plants where photosynthesis takes place; vacuoles
present in plant cells and carry out a number of activities like digestion of
macromolecules, storing products of waste and nutrition
mitochondria
the organelle in which oxidative metabolism occurs in animals. ATP is produced herein
all the oxygen that we inhale for respiration is consumed here and this is where it is
utilized in the process of oxidative phosphorylation
lysosomes
Any organelle containing digestive enzymes for breaking down biomacromolecules
have acidic pH to breakdown proteins
peroxisomes
peroxisomes Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals for various oxidative reactions endoplasmic reticulum network
of intracellular membranes extending from the nuclear membrane throughout the
cytoplasm functions in processing and transport of proteins and lipid synthesis golgi
apparatus site where proteins are further processed and sorted for transport for their
final destinations site of lipid synthesis site of polysaccharides that compose the plant
cell wall cytoskeleton network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm
provides structural framework
determines cell shape and organization
involved in movement of whole cells, organelles, and chromosomes during cell division
yeasts
simplest, unicellular eukaryotic organisms
model for eukaryote biology
easy grown and genetic manipulations are feasable
saccharomyces cerevisiae
paramecium
ciliated protozoan specialized for movement and feeding of bacteria and yeast
unicellular eukaryot that is more complex than yeast
chlamydomonas
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