PNB 2250 Exam 1 (final exam prep) With Questions And Answers Graded A+
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Course
PNB 2250
Institution
PNB 2250
control system components of homeostasis - (1) sensor (protein based)
(2) controller
(3) effector (changes physiological variable)
physical factors of animals - (1) energy input (cost/benefit ratio)
(2) waste removal
(3) growth and development
(4) impacts of physics, chemistry, geometry on bo...
PNB 2250 Exam 1 (final exam prep)
control system components of homeostasis - (1) sensor (protein based)
(2) controller
(3) effector (changes physiological variable)
physical factors of animals - (1) energy input (cost/benefit ratio)
(2) waste removal
(3) growth and development
(4) impacts of physics, chemistry, geometry on body form
convergent evolution - organisms independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt
to similar environments
limited solutions to the same problem
analogous structures - flight in insects, bats, birds
fingerprints in humans and koalas
echolocation in bats, whales, shrews
true/false: genome size is proportional to physical structure or complexity? - false
what is entropy - 2nd law of thermodynamics
,unless you put energy into maintaining a closed system, the system will fall to chaos
single most important factor of life, affects all living things
why is immortality impossible? - because the universe does not have enough energy to keep all
systems going infiintely
CHONPS - George Wald
96% of the elemental composition of body mass
(1) two or fewer electron shells
(2) strong intramolecular bonds
(3) double and triple bonds
(4) maintenance of structure
ex) phosphate is the perfect framework for DNA
cell to cell connection (in animals vs. plants) - plants = plasmodesmata, flow of nutrients between
cells
animals = tight junctions
why is ATP a universal form of energy - high energy in phosphate bonds
can be utilized in all biochemical pathways
Claude Bernard - all creatures are bound by the same laws as inanimate matter
,homeostasis
homeostasis - a constant internal environment in the face of a changing external environment
negative feedback - reducing the change in physiological variable
goes back towards a set point
main type of feedback
Neoproterozoic Era - before the cambrian explosion
weren't simple animals, very complex ecosystem, lots of different animal species
Cambrian Explosion - appearance of all animal phyla
major diversification of animal structure/function
unknown cause
possible causes of Cambrian Explosion - hyperopia
massive glaciation
volcanism
, volcanism - movement of mantle elements into the biosphere
mass extinction - end of Devonian Period
once it occurs, largest vertebrates are lost
smaller might have meant better fitness for survival
reasons for rapid rate of evolution - accelerated after mass extinctions
predator, prey interactions
very large energy sources (phytoplankton)
random changes in rates of gene duplication
gene duplication - stochastic (random )
unknown cause
chromosomal recombination
retrotransposons
leads to loss of function or gain of function
retrotransposons - self amplifying genetic elements
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