NSG 170 - Cellular Regulation Review Questions and Solutions
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Course
NSG 170
Institution
NSG 170
What is cellular regulation? The process to control cellular growth, replication, and differentiation to maintain homeostasis
What is cellular growth? to division and continued growth of the original cell
What is cellular replication? making a copy of a specific cell
What is proliferation? the r...
NSG 170 - Cellular Regulation Review
Questions and Solutions
What is cellular regulation? ✅The process to control cellular growth, replication, and
differentiation to maintain homeostasis
What is cellular growth? ✅to division and continued growth of the original cell
What is cellular replication? ✅making a copy of a specific cell
What is proliferation? ✅the reproduction of new cells through cell growth and cell
division
What is differentiation? ✅the acquisition of a specific cell function, a normal process by
which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type
What is neoplasia? ✅an abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells, leading to
the formation of a neoplasm (also known as a tumor).
What is a neoplasm? ✅(tumor) a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of
the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.
A neoplasm (tumor) are divided into what two categories? ✅Benign or Malignant
(cancerous)
Benign Tumor ✅A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes
such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the
site of the tumor's origin.
Drugs ending in -mab or -mib are: ✅Monoclonal Antibodies and are all TARGETED
therapies.
Think SEVERE acne!
Malignant Tumor ✅An abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue
and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.
New cells are created at the same rate as older cells ___. ✅Die
What is aptosis ✅programmed cell death
,When a signaling mistake occurs in the cell cycle, surveillance mechanisms are present
to recognize the error and repair the mistake. If the error cannot be repaired, the cell
can be actively destroyed
Cancer is the ____ most common cause of death in the US ✅Second
Cancer accounts for ___ of all deaths ✅25%
The three most common cancers in MEN are: ✅1. Prostate
2. Lung
3. Colorectal
The three most common cancers in WOMEN are: ✅1. Breast
2. Lung
3. Colorectal
Which cancer is the most common overall? ✅Lung Cancer
Which cancers are the most common in children? ✅Leukemia and Brain/CNS cancers
___ presents obstacles to receiving health care services related to prevention, early
detection and high-quality treatment ✅Poverty
____ is the single most important risk factor for cancer ✅Advancing age
At least 30% of all cancer-related deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths attributed to
___. ✅Smoking
Smoking is a known risk factor for ___ different types of cancers ✅16
____ is estimated to cause 21,400 lung cancer deaths worldwide annually
✅Secondhand Smoke
Snuff, lozenges, and chewing tobacco are all associated with increased risk of which
cancer? ✅oral cavity, esophagus, and pancreas
Hepatitis B and C viruses cause which cancer? ✅Liver Cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes which cancers? ✅cervical, oropharyngeal
(esophageal), and anal cancer
Helicobacteria pylori causes which cancer? ✅Gastric cancer
Vaccines are available to prevent infection by ___ and ___. ✅hepatitis B and HPV
,Only approximately ___% of all cancers result from an inherited genetic alteration that is
associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer ✅5%
Women with a ___ gene mutation that confers a 70% lifetime risk of developing either
breast or ovarian cancer ✅BRCA1 or BRCA2
BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are linked to increased risk for ____ cancers. ✅pancreatic,
prostate, & ovarian
BRCA2 gene causes an increased risk of breast cancer in ___. ✅Men
Triple negative breast cancer ✅the three most common types of receptors known to
fuel most breast cancer growth-estrogen, progesterone, and the HER-2/neu gene- are
not present in the cancer tumor
Medications do not have a receptor. Poor prognosis.
What is a mammogram? ✅an x-ray of the breast that can help detect breast cancer
Needle Biopsy ✅a hollow needle is used to remove a core of tissue for examination
Sentinel Node Biopsy ✅a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with
cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of
the body
____ is the key to preventing or successfully treating breast cancer. ✅Early detection
What are the two main types of radiation exposure that are linked to an increased risk of
developing certain types of cancer? ✅Ultraviolet and Ionizing
What is ionizing radiation? ✅includes medical radiation from tests used to both
diagnose (x-rays and computed tomography scans) and treat (radiation therapy)
disease
Ionizing radiation is responsible for an increased risk of developing which cancers?
✅1. Leukemia
2. Breast Cancer
3. Thyroid Cancer
What is ultraviolet radiation? ✅from the sun is the main cause of melanoma and the
ubiquitous nonmelanoma skin cancers (basal and squamous)
, What is radon gas? ✅A colorless, odorless gas that is naturally occurring decay
product of uranium. It is also another source of ionizing radiation.
Radon gas dramatically increases the risk for which cancer? ✅Lung Cancer
What is a carcinogen? ✅A cancer-causing substance
What are some other environmental carcinogens? ✅Pollutants in the air, water soil or
food
More than 30% of all cancers are attributed to poor ___, sedentary ___, excessive
____. ✅Nutrition; Lifestyle; Weight
Epidemiologic studies suggest that high intake of ____ and ____ is associated with
lower cancer rates ✅fresh fruits and vegetables
___ is associated with increased risk for both developing new cancers and cancer
recurrence. ✅Obesity
___ has been shown to reduce cancer risk ✅Weight loss
Diets low in fiber and high in red meat or fat believed to ___ risk ✅increase
Preservative and additives may have cancer-___ effects ✅Promoting
Patients usually ___ when a neoplasm is early in development ✅asymptomatic
What are the most common complaints as a tumor grows? ✅1. discovery of a lump,
mass, or lesion
2. onset of new symptoms (e.g., unusual or unexplained bleeding, pain, cough, or
fatigue)
3. changes in appearance of a body part
4. signs associated with alterations in major body functions (appetite, weight, mental
status, swallowing, or elimination)
The most common risk factors for cancer include: ✅- Gender
- Age
- Family history
- Menstrual and pregnancy history
- Obesity
- Hormone replacement therapy
What is a tumor marker? ✅A protein produced by a tumor cell. They can be detected
in blood/urine/fluids ---- used to screen for some cancers.
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