Exam (elaborations)
Neuroscience Exploring the Brain - Final Exam questions with actual answers.
- Course
- Institution
Neuroscience Exploring the Brain - Final Exam questions with actual answers.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
Neuroscience Exploring the Brain - FinalExam questions with actual answers.
The brain in Ancient Greece ANS -Hippocrates: brain was responsible for sensation and intelligence
Aristotle: heart was the source of intelligence
The brain in the Roman Empire ANS -Galen: agreed with Hippocrates
- Used sheep brains to distinguish cerebrum and cerebellum
- Cerebrum: soft, receives sensation
- Cerebellum: hard, commands muscle
The brain from 17th century to Rennaissance ANS -Fluid-mechanical theory: fluid forced out of brain
caused movement
Descartes: people possess intellect and a God-given soul; brain controls beast-like behavior
Discovery of white and grey matter
Division of NS into CNS and PNS, discovery of gyri and sulci, discovery of lobes
The brain in the 19th century ANS -Takeaways from 18th century:
- Brain injury disrupts sensation
- Brain communicates with body via nerves
- Brain has identifiable parts with distinct features
- Brain operates like a machine
,Nerves as wires:
- Electrical nerve stimulation produces a response; brain generates electricity
- Bell-Magendie: ventral roots carry motor output, dorsal roots carry sensory input
Localization:
- Gall: developed phrenology, proposed functional specialization
- Flourens: proposed equipotentiality
- Broca: discovered area in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production
Evolution:
- Darwin included behavior among heritable traits
- By comparing specialization of brains between species, we can assign functions to different parts
Cell theory:
- Nerves are the basic functional units of the brain
- Proposed by Schwann
Why is progress in science often slow? ANS -1. Technological limitations
2. Ethical limitations
3. Logistical problems (finding a study population, collecting time-dependent data, etc.)
4. Must be peer reviewed
5. Publishing pressure/financial pressure
,Explain the reductionist approach ANS -This is the breaking down of the study of the brain by
complexity/level of analysis.
Molecular neuroscience: studies different molecules that play different roles in brain function
(messengers, sentries, archivists, conductors, etc.)
Cellular neuroscience: studies how molecules work together to give neurons special properties
Systems neuroscience: studies complex circuits that perform a common function
Behavioral neuroscience: studies how neural systems work together to produce integrated behaviors
Cognitive neuroscience: studies how neural mechanisms are responsible for higher levels of human
mental activity (self-awareness, imagination, language, etc.)
The scientific process ANS -1. Observation: made during an experiment to test a hypothesis
2. Replication: repeating experiment on different subjects to rule out chance occurrences
3. Interpretation: depends on state of knowledge at the time
4. Verification: observations are robust enough that they can be recreated by any competent scientist
Histological procedures ANS -Histology: microscopic study of structure of tissues
Nissl stain:
- Dye stains the nuclei of all cells and clumps of surrounding material called Nissl bodies
- Distinguishes between neurons and glia
- Enables study of cytoarchitecture
, Golgi stain:
- Involves soaking brain in silver chromate, which darkens certain neurons
- Showed neurons have two parts (soma and neurites)
Golgi vs. Cajal ANS -Golgi: proposed reticular theory (neurites fuse together to for a continuous
reticulum)
Cajal: proposed neuron doctrine (neurites are NOT continuous and communicate via contact)
Cajal was right.
How many neurons and glia are in the brain? ANS -Cortex: 16 billion neurons
Cerebellum: 69 billion neurons
Rest of brain: 0.7 billion neurons
About 86 billion neurons total
Components of a neuron ANS -Soma: cell body containing all the normal organelles, the nucleus, etc.
Axon: output of the neuron
Dendrites: inputs of the neuron connected to soma
Axon hillock: where the axon meets the soma and where the AP originates
Axon terminals: where the AP travels and where neurotransmitters are release into the synapse
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Professorkaylee. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $18.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77333 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now