CCJ 4700 Exam Study Guide
Dependent Variable - answerthe variable assume to depend on or be caused by another
variable (IV). If you find that sentence length is partly a function of the number of prior arrests,
then sentence length is being treated as a dependent variable.
Experimental Group - ...
Dependent Variable - answer✔the variable assume to depend on or be caused by another
variable (IV). If you find that sentence length is partly a function of the number of prior arrests,
then sentence length is being treated as a dependent variable.
Experimental Group - answer✔in experimentation, a group of subjects who are exposed to an
experimental stimulus. Subjects in the experimental group are normally compared with subjects
in a control group to test the effects of the experimental stimulus (comparison group)
Experimental mortality - answer✔Cases that drop out of the study are different
Generalizability - answer✔That ability of a research finding that justifies the influence that it
represents something more than the specific observation on which it was based. sometimes this
involves the generalization of findings from a sample to a population. other times it is a matter of
concepts; if you are able to discover why people commit burglaries, can you generalize that
discovery to other crimes as well?
Independent variable - answer✔An independent variable is persumed to cause or determine a
dependent variable. if we discover that police cynicism is partly a function of years of
experience, than experience is the independent variable and cynicism is the dependent variable.
Note that any given variable might be treated as independent in one part of an analysis. cynism
might become an independent variable in the explanation of job satisfaction
Instrumentation - answer✔Changes in the measurement process
ex: if they use two different tests for the pretest and posttest.
Maturation - answer✔Natural (often age linked) change in the DV over time
Pretest - answer✔is a measure of the dependent variable taken before the implementation of the
independent variable
Posttest - answer✔
Quasi-experiment - answer✔A research design that includes most, but not all, elements of an
experimental design. Quasi means "sort of", and a Quasi-experiment is sort of an experiment.
two general classes of quasi-experiments are nonequivalent groups and time-series design.
Selection Bias - answer✔Pre-existing differences between groups, or different potentials for
change
Statistical regression - answer✔Imperfect reliability; sometimes a subject pretest score will be
randomly high or low
Testing - answer✔Taking the pretest may change the way subjects respond to posttest
Control group - answer✔-Not given the treatment
- Used to compare results from the experiment group
-in experimentation a group of subjects to whom no experimental group in all other respects. the
comparison of the control group and the experimental group at the end of the experiment
indicates the effect of the experimental stimulus
Cluster sample - answer✔A multistage sample in which natural groups (clusters) are sampled
initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward. For ex: you
might select a sample of municipal police department from a directory, get lists of the police
officers at all the selected departments then draw samples of officers from each.
Confidence interval - answer✔the range of values within which a population parameter is
established to lie. A survey for instance may show that 40% of a sample favor a ban on handguns
Confidence level - answer✔the estimated probability that a population parameter lies within a
given confidence interval. thus we might be 95% confident that between 35 and 45% of all
residents of California favor an absolute ban of handguns
Disproportionate stratified sampling - answer✔-Over sampling some types ad not others
-Deliberately drawing a sample that overrepresents or underepresents some characteristics of a
population. we may do this to ensure that we obtain a sufficient number of uncommon cases in
our sample: for example believing violent crime to be more common in large cities, we might
oversample urban residents to obtain a specific number of crime victims.
Equal probability of selection method (EPSEM) - answer✔A sample design in which each
member of a population has the same chance of being selected in the sample
Nonprobability sample - answer✔A sample selected in some fashion other than those suggested
by probability theory. EX: purposive, quota, and snowball samples
Population - answer✔All people, things, or other elements we wish to represent. Researchers
often study only a subset or sample of a population, then generalize from the people, things or
other elements actually observed to the larger population of all people, things or elements.
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