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DAT BIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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DAT BIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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DAT BIOLOGYCell Theory: - ANS 1. all living things are composed of cells
2. cell is the basic fundamental unit of life
3. chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell
4. cells arise from pre-existing cells
5. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA - passed from parent to daughter cell
nucleolus - ANS - dense structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS - network of membrane- enclosed spaces involved in the
transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by
the cell
Golgi Apparatus - ANS - receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER, modifies
them, repackages them into vesicles and distributes them to the cell surface by exocytosis
Mitochondria - ANS - powerhouse of the cell
- ATP synthesis
Cyclosis - ANS - streaming movement of the cytoplasm within the cell
Vacuole - ANS - membrane bound sacs, transport and storage of materials that are ingested,
secreted, processes or digested by the cell
centrioles - ANS - microtubules involved in spindle organization during cell division, not bound
by a membrane
- PLANT CELLS DO NOT CONTAIN CENTRIOLES
Lysosome - ANS - membrane bound vesicles
- contain hydrolytic enzymes
- cellular digestion
Cytoskeleton - ANS - composed of microtubules and microfilaments
- gives cell mechanical support
- maintains shape
- functions in cell motility
Microtubules - ANS - hollow rods of tubulin
- support, provide framework for organelle movement
- cilia and flagella- specialized arrangements of microtubules
,Microfilaments - ANS - solid rods of actin
- cell movement and support
- move material across plasma membrane ( contraction phase of cell division, amoeboid
movement)
Brownian Movement - ANS - kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the
cytoplasm of cell
Intracellular circulation: - ANS - Brownian movement
- cyclosis/ streaming
- ER
Extracellular Transport - ANS - Diffusion
- Circulatory system
Interphase - ANS - growth, chromosome replication
- cell spends 90% of time here
- after replication, chromosomes consist of two identical sister chromatids held together at
centromere
- individual chromosomes are not visible
- DNA is uncoiled (chromatin)
- G1, S, G2
G1 - ANS - active growth phase
- cell size increases
- protein synthesis
S phase - ANS - DNA synthesis
G2 - ANS - cell prepares to divide
- grows and synthesizes proteins
Karyokinesis - ANS - nuclear division
Cytokinesis - ANS - Cellular division
Prophase - ANS - chromosomes condense
- centriole pairs separate and move to opposite poles
-spindle forms
- nuclear membrane dissolves
Metaphase - ANS - centriole pairs are at opposite poles
- fibers of spindle attach to chromatid and kinetochore
- spindle fibers align the chromosomes in the middle (METAPHASE PLATE)
, Anaphase - ANS - centromeres split, each chromatid has own centromere- sister chromatids
separate
- sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles- shortening spindle fibers
Telophase - ANS - spindle apparatus disappears
- nuclear membrane forms
- each nucleus contains same number of chromosomes
- chromosomes uncoil
cytokinesis - ANS - cleavage furrow
Meiosis I - ANS - produce two intermediate daughter cells
- N chromosomes and sister chromatids
Prophase I - ANS - chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- spindle forms
- nuclei and nuclear membrane disappear
-Homologous chromosomes come together- SYNAPSIS
- crossing over may occur
Metaphase I - ANS - homologous pairs (tetrads) align at metaphase plate
-each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore
Anaphase I - ANS - homologous pairs separate, pulled to opposite poles (disjunction)
- Random mixing of maternal and paternal origin - Mendelian Law
Telophase I - ANS - nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus
- sister chromatids still joined at centromere
Meiosis 2 - ANS - chromosomes align at equator, separate and move to opposite poles,
surrounded by new nuclear membrane
- new cells are haploid
* in women, only one of these daughter cells becomes a functional gamete, other 2 or 3
destroyed by body
Name the organelles involved and the role they play in:
INGESTION - ANS - cellular ingestion is a function of the cell membrane and vesicles.
- cell membrane- invaginates around a food particle and pinches off, enclosing the material in a
vesicle that can travel freely in the cytoplasm- ENDOCYTOSIS
Name the organelles involved and the role they play in:
DIGESTION - ANS - lysosomes, vesicles and mitochondria
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