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Illinois seed treatment Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025
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Illinois seed treatment Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025
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Illinois seed treatment Exam withcomplete solutions 2024/2025
seed treatment pesticides include - ANSWER- 1. herbicide antidotes (safeners) 2.
bactericides 3. insecticides 4. fungicides
not a seed treatment - ANSWER- 1. seed applied growth regulators 2.
micronutrients 3. nitrogen-fixing organisms
advantages of using seed treatment - ANSWER- 1. control of seedborne
pathogens 2. protect vulnerable seeds and seedlings during stressful conditions
of germination and emergence 3. targeted, low dosage 4. relatively inexpensive
control option 5. relatively inexpensive control option 6. reduced environment
impact 7. may be only real control option 8. may be an alternative for spraying
some early foliar pests
disadvantages of seed treatment - ANSWER- 1. accidental poisoning of children,
animals, and wildlife 2. potential for contamination of food and feed supply 3.
exposure during application and planting 4. seed or seedling phtyotoxicity 5.
limited duration of protection (also a benefit) 6. what to do with leftover treated
seed
factors that favor the use of seed treatments - ANSWER- 1. field is for seed
production 2. low test weight or older seed 3. planting in unfavorable germination
conditions such as wet and/or cold soil(these conditions may allow weak
pathogens to infect) 4. planting into fields with a history of stand establishment
problems 5. planting to precise populations 6. replanting will not be feasible if
first planting fails 7. seed is expensive 8. seed thought to carry certain seedborne
pathogens 9. yield potential of field is high
, seed treatment as part of ipm - ANSWER- 1. help minimize negative effects on the
environment 2. avoid pesticide residue in the food supply 3. minimize economic
loss due to pests
4. avoid development of pests that overcame pesticides and host plant resistance
purpose of seed treatments - ANSWER- A. control of seedborne pathogens
*seedborne pathogens may be found on the seed surface, in cracks and crevices
or as infections inside the intact seed * these pathogens may be important for
three reasons: 1. some seedborne pathogens may not survive in the soil or on
plant residues. 2. seedborne pathogens may get a head start and cause greater
damage. 3. seedborne pathogens may move from one location to another in seed
shipments B. control of soilborne and foliar pests *germinating seeds and young
plants are relatively tender and lack food reserves to recover from injuries
contact pesticides - ANSWER- control only surface pathogens
systemic pesticides - ANSWER- help control seedborne pathogens both on the
surface and internally
alternatives to seed treatment - ANSWER- 1. crop rotation 2. good fertility
management 3. heat treatment 4. planting date 5. soil applied or post-emergence
sprays 6. controlling volunteer crop plants
fungi - ANSWER- small organisms that are mostly saprophytic (live on dead plant
or animal material) but a few are pathogenic (live on live plants or animals)
Bacteria - ANSWER- are single-celled organism that reproduce by division
viruses - ANSWER- consist of either dna or rna with a protein coat
common bunt of wheat (external) - ANSWER- *seeds dark and fish smelling
(stinking bunt) *bunted heads stay green longer * persitsts on seed and in soil
*infects coleoptile before evergence
loose smut of wheat (internal) - ANSWER- *fungus lies dormant in the embryo
until germination *infected heads form head early and produce spores instead of
seed *neighboring plants are infected during flowering
pythium and phytophthora (seedling root diseases) - ANSWER- *fungal-like
organisms and are considered water molds (spores swim in water) *they can
infect and kill all season as long as soil is wet *they sause soft rot of seed
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