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Business and Industrial Psychology Exam Questions with Latest Update
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How does I/O psychology fit into psychology as a discipline? - Answer--Helps businesses run smoother. Businesses and organizations can be "sick" and "mal-adapted" and seek counsel for renovation -organizations are living and breathing entities, anything you can think about a human you can apply to...

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  • September 17, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Business and Industrial Psychology
Exam Questions with Latest Update
How does I/O psychology fit into psychology as a discipline? - Answer--Helps
businesses run smoother. Businesses and organizations can be "sick" and "mal-
adapted" and seek counsel for renovation
-organizations are living and breathing entities, anything you can think about a human
you can apply to an organization
-study systems and patterns of human interactions
-you must "take pulse" and diagnose dysfunction of an organization, then change the
patterns of functioning

What major historical developments contributed to the perceived importance of I/O
psychology? - Answer--Darwinian view of organizations: organizations are born, they
live either successfully or not, and they die. They must adapt to their environment. To
understand an entity over time you need to understand the forces affecting the entity
-Law of Entropy: Chaos and anarchy cause breakdown and death, if we put resources
into a system it will last longer. Definition: Foundational law that all systems are
constantly moving toward disarray, slow the process by adding resources

What are the significant outcomes of World War I, Hawthorne Studies, Great
Depression, Baby Boom, Etc., for I/O psychology? - Answer--World War 1: Mass
screening of military personnel (1917-1920), Army Alpha - it was a reasoning test that
placed military personnel to different occupations. Army Beta - could not test immigrants
with a lot of English so beta was a less word dependent test.
-Hawthorne Studies (1924-1931): original interest in the physical work environment.
Took place in hawthorne, IL in a western electric plant. Called the hawthorne studies
because it was located in hawthorne, IL. Tested worker's productivity based on
illumination, result = the physical environment does have an effect on employees but
the social environment has the largest impact. People produced optimal results because
they wanted to impress those studying them because management was paying
attention to them. Awoke community that people's cognition in factories affects their
work. Discovered that psychological and social influences are important.
-Hawthorne Effect: label for psychological phenomenon. social and psychological
factors in the workplace have a great effect on human motivation and performance.
Social facilitation effects.
-Great Depression (1929-19??): created distrust of industrial economic system. Search
for better understanding of industrial efficiency.

What are the defining characteristics of human organizations? Mechanistic
(bureaucratic) specifically? Organic (human relations) organizations specifically? -
Answer-Defining characteristics of human organizations:
-organizations are ubiquitous, omnipresent

, -they often have conflicting goals, goals are mutually exclusive, you can't have one
without giving up the other
-they are reflections of the people who compromise them
-they suffer through maladaptive periods
-they vary in their stress tolerance

Defining characteristics of Mechanistic (bureaucratic) human organizations specifically:
-Adam Smith, scottish economist 1776
-wealth of nations: of the division of labor
-pin factory
-dramatic increase in production associated with "minor" reorganization of jobs
-dawn of the industrial revolution
-frederick taylor, industrial engineer 1916, American
-studied steel manufacturing
-time and motion studies
-"scientific management"
-Max Weber, German sociologist, 1922
-coined the term "bureaucracy"
-social protest against working conditions
-espoused a rational, formal structure

Defining characteristics of Organic (human relations) organizations specifically:
-mechanistic = make worker fit structure
-organic = make structure fit worker
-assumptions about people changed. People were viewed more... responsible,
participatory, growth-oriented, complexly motivated (not just by $)

What distinguishes mechanistic from organic organizations? - Answer-mechanistic =
make worker fit structure
organic = make structure fit worker

mechanic worked well if some environmental factors worked well

organic worked well if environment worked well

What is the basic tenet of the contingency perspective? - Answer-All organized human
activity is a balance between division of labor versus rational coordination

The contingency perspective holds that the company which is best suited to its
environmental challenges work the best.
-The configuration principle says that all parts of a structure must be in harmony
-The congruence principle says that the internal structure must be in harmony with the
external environment.
-Some environmental demands are:
Product and service demand
Competition

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