NUR 229 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 229
Institution
NUR 229
ntracellular Fluid Compartment Fluid contained within all cells in the body and constitutes approximately two thirds of the body water in healthy adults
Extracellular Fluid Compartment The remaining one third of body water contained outside the cells, including interstitial (tissue), plasma (vascu...
NUR 229 Pathophysiology Exam 2
Questions and Correct Answers
Intracellular Fluid Compartment ✅Fluid contained within all cells in the body and
constitutes approximately two thirds of the body water in healthy adults
Extracellular Fluid Compartment ✅The remaining one third of body water contained
outside the cells, including interstitial (tissue), plasma (vascular compartments), and
transcellular compartments
Functions of fluids ✅Transportation
Lubrication and protection
Digestion
What is intake regulated by? ✅The thirst mechanism
What does the hypothalamus monitor? ✅Blood osmolality
Blood pressure
What happens as osmolality increases? ✅Thirst is stimulated
What happens when blood pressure is decreased? ✅Thirst increases
What is fluid output determined by? ✅Filtration needs
Insensible water loss
Renal regulation
Obligatory urine output ✅The minimum amount of urine needed to rid the body of
waste products (800-2000 mL/day)
Insensible water loss ✅Immeasurable loss of water through respiration, feces, skin,
etc.
What is glomerular filtration highly dependent on? ✅Cardiac output and renal perfusion
What may cause variations in glomerular filtration? ✅Various substances including
ADH, Aldosterone, Prostaglandins, Glucocorticoids, ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone)
What is a sensible loss? ✅A measurable unit of water loss
Cation ✅A positively charged ion
,Anion ✅A negatively charged ion
Fluid compartments ✅intracellular and extracellular
Diffusion ✅The movement of particles from an area of higher to lower concentration; it
may occur in air or water
Concentration gradient ✅difference in the concentration of a substance from one
location to another
Osmotic Pressure ✅Pressure of the fluid moving across the semipermeable
membrane.
Pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF and ISF
How is osmotic pressure exerted in the bloodstream? ✅By electrolytes- mainly sodium
ions and plasma proteins
Osmosis ✅The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (i.e. one that
is permeable to water but impermeable to most solutes)
Explain the process of osmosis ✅Water moves from the side that has fewer non
diffusible particles to the site that has more
During osmosis, the osmotic pressure is _____ to the hydrostatic pressure needed to
oppose water movement across the membrane ✅Equal
Hydrostatic Pressure ✅The pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream (ex.
hose being covered by the thumb)
What is the source of hydrostatic pressure? ✅The heart's pumping action
What does hydrostatic pressure exert? ✅An outward force that pushes water through
the capillary membrane pores into the ISF and ICF compartments
What happens to fluid as hydrostatic pressure increases? ✅Fluid will be forced out of
capillaries
Osmotic/Oncotic pressure refers to the force exerted by ____ in the bloodstream
✅Albumin
, What is total albumin in the bloodstream indicative of? ✅The protein nutritional status
of the body
Hypoalbuminemia ✅Low albumin levels in the blood
What happens to the oncotic and hydrostatic pressures if a patient has
hypoalbuminemia? ✅Oncotic pressure is lower than the hydrostatic pressure at the
capillary membranes
What does hypoalbuminemia result in? ✅Edema
Third-spacing ✅occurs when too much fluid moves from the intravascular space into
the interstitial space (the nonfunctional area between cells)
Osmolarity ✅The number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution
What is osmolarity dependent upon? ✅the number of particles suspended in a solution
What are major solutes in the body? ✅Albumin, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+),
phosphate (Po4-), magnesium (Mg++), calcium (Ca++), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and
glucose
Tonicity ✅Refers to the amount of solutes in a solution compared to the amount in the
bloodstream
What is tonicity used to describe? ✅The various intravenous solutions used in the
clinical setting
What are the three types of IV Solutions? ✅Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic ✅Same tonicity as the cell
Examples of Isotonic solutions ✅0.9% NaCl
Lactated Ringers
Hypotonic ✅Less tonicity than the cell causing swelling
What is an example of a hypotonic solution? ✅0.45% NaCl
Hypertonic ✅Greater tonicity than the cell (causes cells to shrink)
Crenation ✅Shrinkage of cells
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