PMCOL 343: Glucocorticoids I Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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Course
PMCOL 343
Institution
PMCOL 343
PMCOL 343: Glucocorticoids I Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
What does the HPA axis regulate - answerMetabolism, immune responses, and the ANS
What are the three components of the HPA axis - answerHypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal
gland
What is the HPA hormone released by the hypothalam...
PMCOL 343: Glucocorticoids I Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
What does the HPA axis regulate - answer✔Metabolism, immune responses, and the ANS
What are the three components of the HPA axis - answer✔Hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal
gland
What is the HPA hormone released by the hypothalamus - answer✔Corticotrophin releasing
hormone
What is the stimulus for CRH release - answer✔Physical, psychological, and environmental
stressors
What type of hormone is CRH - answer✔A neuropeptide hormone
What does CRH trigger the release of - answer✔Adrenocorticotropic hormone
How does CRH trigger the release of ACTH - answer✔Activates GPCRs in the anterior
pituitary, inducing release of ACTH
What is ACTH synthesized from - answer✔Propriomelanocortin (POMC)
What cells make ACTH - answer✔Corticotrophs
Describe the role AVP plays in the HPA axis - answer✔AVP / vasopressin by itself does not
increase ACTH synthesis, but potentiates the effects of CRH, increasing ACTH synthesis
The adrenal gland is separated into the adrenal medulla (inner) and adrenal cortex (outer); list the
layers of the adrenal cortex from top to bottom - answer✔Top layer = zona glomerulosa
Middle layer = zona fasciculata
Bottom layer = zona reticularis
What hormones do the respective layers of the cortex make - answer✔Zona glomerulosa =
aldosterone
Zona fasciculata = cortisol
Zona reticularis = androstenedione
What are the three main enzymes expressed in the zona fasciculata - answer✔17-alpha-
hydroxylase
21-beta-hydroxylase
11-beta-hydroxylase
What are the two main enzymes expressed in the zona glomerulosa - answer✔21-beta-
hydroxylase
11-beta-hydroxylase
What is the main enzyme expressed in the zona reticularis - answer✔17-alpha-hydroxylase
What is the difference between cortisol and corticosterone - answer✔Corticosterone is the
inactive form of cortisol
What zones of the adrenal cortex are sensitive to ACTH stimulation; which are not -
answer✔Zona fasciculata and reticularis are sensitive
Zona glomerulosa is not
What happens to the two zonas in the absence of ACTH - answer✔Cells undergo atrophy;
impaired levels of GCs and androgens
What happens to the two zonas in the presence of elevated ACTH - answer✔Hypertrophy and
hyperplasia of cells; overproduction of GCs and androgens
GCs are the primary stress hormone; what is the main endogenous GC in humans -
answer✔Cortisol
Describe what synthetic GCs are used for - answer✔Their anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive properties
Range of cortisol secretion is determined by fluctuations in ACTH release; what are the three
modes of HPA regulation - answer✔1. Diurnal rhythm regulation
2. Negative feedback regulation
3. Changes in steroidogenesis in response to stress
What are ultradian rhythms - answer✔Shorter cycles that occur multiple times within a day
How long is the ultradian rhythm for the HPA axis - answer✔Around 90 minutes
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