PMCOL 343: Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Where are muscarinic receptors found; what type of effect do they have when activated -
answerFound in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; once activated they have
parasympathomimetic effects
Where are nicotinic receptors found; what type o...
Where are muscarinic receptors found; what type of effect do they have when activated -
answer✔Found in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; once activated they have
parasympathomimetic effects
Where are nicotinic receptors found; what type of receptor are they - answer✔Found in
autonomic ganglia and in skeletal muscle; are ionotropic receptors
Describe why ACh is poorly absorbed from the GIT (2) - answer✔1. ACh is broken down by
acetylcholinesterase, which is present in the GIT
2. ACh is a charged molecule, making it hard to pass through cell membranes
There are three heavily used cholinergic agonists; what are these three - answer✔Carbachol,
bethanechol, and methacholine
What type of receptors does carbachol act on - answer✔Carbachol is a synthetic cholinergic
agent that acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
What type of receptors does bethanechol act on - answer✔Muscarinic receptors (low nicotinic
activity)
Describe the therapeutic use of bethanechol being only able to affect muscarinic receptors -
answer✔Makes it more suitable for stimulating smooth muscle in the GI and urinary systems,
while minimizing effects on skeletal muscle
Methacholine can be used to diagnosis asthma; describe the process of diagnosing asthma using
methacholine - answer✔Patient is given methacholine; if the airways are hyperreactive (in
asthma), then even low concentrations of methacholine can trigger bronchoconstriction
Between carbachol, bethanechol, and methacholine, which are not easily hydrolyzed by enzyme
acetylcholinesterase; what effect does this have on the drug effects - answer✔Carbachol and
bethanecol are not easily hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase; this makes its effects more long
lasting
There are three heavily used muscarinic agonists; what are these three - answer✔Muscarine,
oxotremorine, and pilocarpine
What does mAChR activation in the respiratory system promote - answer✔Promotes
bronchoconstriction (harder to breathe) and increased mucus secretion (harder to breathe)
What does mAChR activation in the GIT promote - answer✔Promotes GIT motility
(peristalsis) and increased secretion of saliva and stomach acid
What does mAChR activation in the bladder promote - answer✔Contraction of the detrusor
muscle (allows for voiding)
Nicotine is an agonist for nACh receptors; what does activation of nAChR by nicotine in the
CNS lead to - answer✔Increased alertness, enhanced mood, improved concentration, and
dopamine release (stimulatory effects)
How can extremely high doses of nicotine cause a coma - answer✔High doses of nicotine can
lead to respiratory depression, resulting in a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream, which could lead
to a coma
Describe how nicotine can be used as an insecticide - answer✔Extreme activation of nAChRs
in the CNS can lead to overstimulation of nerve cells, resulting in paralysis and ultimately death
How can activation of nAChRs stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the
ANS - answer✔nAChRs are located on both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic
nerves
What is nicotine's cardiovascular effects - answer✔Increased blood pressure, increased cardiac
stimulation (sympathomimetic)
What is nicotine's GIT effects - answer✔Increased secretion and motility (parasympathetic)
What is nicotine's skeletal muscle effects - answer✔Depolarization and excitation of skeletal
muscle (can vary from disorganized to a strong contraction of the whole muscle)
What is the mechanism of action for anticholinesterases; what effect does this have -
answer✔Inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase, resulting in increased stimulation of
mAChRs and nAChRs
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