This note package provides all the information needed to know for the BIOL 1090 exam.
Focuses on on material from the midterm and up (Fall 20' semester tested mainly on knowledge from after the midterm.
The notes have been rewritten to support the most important concepts that appeared in the fin...
General Terms
Genome: dynamic information system of the cell
Lipid bilayer: thin polar membrane made of two layers of phospholipids and proteins
embedded in the layer
Hydrophobic: repels water
Hydrophilic: attracts water
Amphipathic: molecule containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
Phospholipids: amphipathic lipid that contains a polar hydrophilic head with a phosphate group
and choline, two fatty acid chains hydrophobic tails, and a glycerol backbone connecting the
head to tail
Unsaturated: contains double carbon bound in fatty acid
Saturated: no double bonds in fatty acid
Cholesterol: provides stiffness and structure to membrane
Transmembrane: components that span the whole bilayer
Proteoglycans: proteins with chains of polysaccharides attached by covalent bond found in
connective tissue.
Endosymbiosis: organism that lives inside another organism
What does it take to make a cell?
1. Information
2. Chemistry
3. Compartments
Information: all cells posses DNA (hereditary material of genes) and RNA
(information required to build primary machinery). With the exception of red
blood cells as they lack nuclei and no not contain DNA nor synthesize RNA.
The miller-urey experiment (1952): chemical experiment that stimulated conditions thought to
exist in early earth in order to test chemical origin of life under those conditions
Oparin/Haldane hypothesis: results determined conditions on the primitive earth favoured
chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simple inorganic
precursors
Early endomembrane system: originated from an anaerobic prokaryote in which it’s plasma
infolds allowing aerobic bacterium and cyanobacterium to enter by endosymbiosis creating
ancestral eukaryote.
Green fluorescent protein (GFP): protein found in jelly fish used in labs to track cell
components by fusing with a cellular protein. Provides information and endogenous proteins
such as location within cell.
Phalloidin: used to label F-actin in cells, stabilizes F-actin polymer (conventical aka type 2
myosin is primary use for muscles)
Compartments: establish boundaries that enable cell to carry out different
metabolic activities. Properties of the cell include highly complexed and
,organized, activity controlled by genetic material, can reproduce by making
copies, assimilate/utilize energy, carry out chemical reactions through enzymes in
selectively permeable compartments, engage in mechanical activities, respond to
stimuli, capable of self-regulation, and can evolve.
The cell theory: the cell is the structural unit of life, all organisms are composed of one or more
cell types, and cells can arise only by the division of a pre-existing cell.
Prokaryotic cell: does not have nucleus/membrane bound organelles and was the only form of
life for millions of years. Belong to bacteria family and typical features include pilus, capsule,
and flagellum.
Eukaryotic cell: contains nucleus/membrane bound organelles. Belong to the protist, fungi,
plant, and animal family
Biological membranes: properties include 6nm thick, stable/flexible, capable for
self-assembly, cell boundary, define/enclose compartments, control movement
in/out of cell, allow response to external stimuli, enable interactions between
cells, and provide scaffolds for biochemical activates
Fluid-mosaic model: fluid meaning molecules move and mosaic meaning diverse particles.
Consists of integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and lipid anchored proteins.
Frye-edidin experiment (1970): after fusion of two cells their surface proteins diffuse around
unified membrane and mingle rather than being locked to their location
Fluidity: factors that alter membrane fluidity include temperature (increase temp, increase
fluidity), concentration of lipid (unsaturated lipids increase fluidity), cholesterol in membrane
(increase cholesterol, decreases fluidly). Fluidity is always maintained and the balance between
ordered and disordered structures allows for mechanical support, flexibility, dynamic
interactions between membrane components, assembly, and modification.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM): network of extracellular macromolecules (collagen, enzymes, and
glycoproteins) that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells inside the
cell near membrane (e.g. plant cell wall)
The endosymbiont theory: double-membrane organelles are derived from formerly free living
prokaryotes that were engulfed by an ancestral cell for endosymbiosis
Integral proteins: transmembrane proteins that lock into membrane and are
primary used for transport by simple, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active
transport, cell to cell communication, and attachment.
Transmembrane domain (TMD): hydrophobic, uncharged amino acid peptide sequence made
from a-helix, that spans cell membrane permanently inserts proteins in membrane and fosters
protein – protein interactions
Simple diffusion: very small, uncharged molecules move down concentration gradient (O2,
CO2, H2O)
Diffusion: small, charged molecules move down concentration gradient through an ion channel
(Na 2+, K +, Cl -, Ca 2+)
, Ion channel: integral proteins that are gated, only allowing particular types of ions to pass
when open. Type types include voltage-gated channels which respond to voltage change across
membrane (tetrodotoxin TTX – a sodium channel blocked) and ligand-gated channels which
respond to specific binding of ligand (curare binds to membrane protein and blocks
acetylcholine peripheral protein receptor)
Facilitated diffusion: passive movement of molecules down concentration gradient by specific
binding of molecule trying to cross which induces a conformational (shape) change in carrier
protein called facilitative transporter allowing compound to release on the other side (glucose –
sodium symporter uses sodium high-low concentration to transport both sodium and glucose)
Active transport: movement of ions against concentration gradient assisted by enzymes,
energy, and integral protein called active transporter (sodium – potassium pump maintains Na
and K levels with the help of energy and ATPase)
Peripheral proteins: do not enter hydrophobic space (fatty acid tails) and are
attached to the top/bottom of integral proteins. Main functions are transporting,
signalling (e.g. epinephrine from adrenal glands), and maintenance of cell shape.
Signal transduction: method of communication between cells where ligand binds to outside of
receptor and induces change in shape of the receptor on intracellular (inside) side of cell. Sends
signals to other proteins inside cytosol of cell to preform function.
Epinephrine converts glycogen to glucose: epinephrine binds to peripheral protein in liver
membrane creating change in protein which signals change within cell. Causes G-protein with
GDP molecule attached to bind to peripheral protein to convert to GTP allow G-protein to
active enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase then coverts ATP to CAMP which sends signal
to inside of the cell to activate kinases to convert glycogen to glucose.
Lipid anchored proteins: on surface on membrane attached to lipids, mainly used
for protein interaction and contribute to function of protein attached
Mitochondria outer membrane (OMM): contains many enzymes with diverse
roles. Capable of forming porins which are large channels that can open allowing
membrane to be freely permeable with ATP.
Mitochondria inner membrane (IMM): high protein content that separates the
matrix from intermembrane space. Contains cristae which are double layer folds
that increase membrane surface area that have machinery for ATP production
(ETC takes place here).
Endomembrane system: group of membranes/organelles in eukaryotic cells that
work together to package, modify, and transport lipids/proteins. Includes cytosol,
ER, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, vesicles, endosomes, and vacuoles.
Polarized secretory cell: a secreted protein synthesized in the ER and further processed in the
golgi that ends up being transported to membrane for secretion
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