NUR 308 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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Course
NUR 308
Institution
NUR 308
Stimulation of the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas by the autonomic nervous system are an example of what type of control? Neural control.
Know the feedback mechanism for thyroid hormones; i.e., thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine Positive feedback occurs when thyrotropin-relea...
NUR 308 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Stimulation of the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas by the autonomic nervous
system are an example of what type of control? ✅Neural control.
Know the feedback mechanism for thyroid hormones; i.e., thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) and thyroxine ✅Positive feedback occurs when thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to low thyroid hormone levels.
TRH stimulates the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3).
Negative feedback occurs when increasing levels of T4 and T3 feedback on the pituitary
and hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis and decrease the synthesis and
production of thyroid hormones.
Which hormones are water-soluble? ✅Peptides (ex. Insulin, growth hormone,
prolactin)
(Have high molecular weight and cannot diffuse across cell membrane)
Identify the type of target cells responses when adapting to high or low hormone
concentrations, and either up or down-regulation. ✅the more receptors or the higher
the affinity of the receptors, the more sensitive the cell to the stimulating effects of the
hormone.
Low concentrations of hormone increase the number or affinity of receptors per cell; this
is called up-regulation.
High concentrations of hormone decrease the number or affinity of receptors; this is
called down-regulation
Which organ inhibits prolactin-inhibiting factor from acting on target tissue? ✅The
anterior pituitary, its involved in secretion of hypothalamic releasing factors
, So the hypothalamus targets the anterior pituitary with the hormone Prolactin-inhibiting
factor (dopamine) which would cause the anterior pituitary to inhibit synthesis and
secretion of prolactin.
(Target organ of prolactin is breast?)
Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? ✅secretes two polypeptide
hormones:
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka Vasopressin
oxytocin
Describe where oxytocin acts in the body ✅Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter and a
hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus. From there, it is transported to and
secreted by the pituitary gland, at the base of the brain.
Female reproductive tract
-Oxytocin binds to its receptors on myoepithelial cells in the mammary tissues and
causes contraction of those cells, which increases intramammary pressure and milk
expression
-Oxytocin acts on the uterus near the end of labor to enhance the effectiveness of
contractions, promote delivery of the placenta, and stimulate postpartum uterine
contractions to prevent excessive bleeding
Understand the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and treatment ✅Parathyroid
hormone(PTH) regulates serum calcium concentration. A decrease in serum calcium
stimulates PTH secretion, which acts to increase the serum calcium concentration and
decrease the level of serum phosphate(which in a way promotes calcium reabsorption,
like vitamin D). PTH acts directly on the bone to release calcium by stimulating
osteoclast activity. Increasing the amount of Calcium in the blood would stop the
stimulation of PTH secretion, which may be needed with a change in diet.
Which nutrient is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis? ✅Iodide (the inorganic
form of iodine).So it can attach to tyrosine!
Lab results when the rate of parathyroid hormone secretion decreases.
Understand the relationship between parathyroid gland function and calcium levels
✅PTH is the single most important factor in the regulation of serum calcium
concentration
A decrease in calcium triggers PTH secretion to bring the calcium levels back up
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, acts on kidney to increase calcium
reabsorption and decrease phosphate absorption
, So if the PTH secretion is decreasing there is probably higher calcium levels
Regulation of insulin ✅Secretion of insulin is regulated by chemical, hormonal, and
neural control.
primary stimulus for insulin secretion is an increase in blood levels of glucose.
It is also stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system usually before eating a
meal.
Other stimulating factors include amino acids (leucine, arginine, and lysine) and
gastrointestinal hormones (glucagon, gastrin, cholecystokinin,secretin)
Diminished secretion: in response to low blood levels of glucose(hypoglycemia), high
levels of insil (negative feedback to the beta cells), and sympathetic stimulation of the
beta cells in the islets.
homones secreted from pancreas ✅Alpha Cells secrete: Glucagon (raises blood sugar
by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in muscle and lipolysis in adipose
tissue)
Beta Cells secrete: insulin and amylin (regulates blood glucose by delaying gastric
emptying and suppressing glucagon secretion after meals)
Delta Cells secrete: Gastrin and somatostatin
-Somatostatin (carbohydrate,protein, and fat metabolism after food intake, works in
conjunction with insulin/glucagon)
-gastrin (stimulates gastric acid)
Ghrelin- controls appetite
Pancreatic polypeptide-inhibits gallbladder contraction and pancreas secretion after
hypoglycemia or protein rich meals
identify glucocorticoids in the body ✅*Cortisol (most potent naturally occurring, main
secretory product of the adrenal cortex, maintains life and protects body from stress)
*cortisone
*corticosterone
glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that have metabolic, neurologic, anti-inflammatory,
and growth-suppressing effects
-Direct effect on carb metabolism
-Increase blood glucose levels
-Stimulate protein catabolism and inhibit amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
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