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Topic 2 reading for aspects of human physiology
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DistanceLearningCentre.comLEARNING MATERIALS
Subject: Human Physiology / Biology / Medicine
Unit: Aspects of Human Physiology / Human Physiology
Topic 2: The Digestive, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and
Excretory Systems
Level: 3
Essential reading:
The essential textbook for this topic is Tortora, G.J., and Grabowski,
S.R., 2002. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 10th ed. London:
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN no: 9780471224723
Recommended reading:
Recommended reading for this topic is listed in the back pages of
these learning materials.
Further resources:
Further resources to deepen your learning on specific aspects of this
topic are listed throughout these learning materials.
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© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
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© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit: Aspects of Human Physiology / Human Physiology
Topic 2: The Digestive, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Excretory Systems
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
Contents
Press CTRL + Click in the contents list to go to the relevant page
Introduction .............................................................................................1
1. The digestive system .......................................................................3
1.1 Why do we eat? ...........................................................................................3
1.2 What is food?...............................................................................................3
1.3 What is digestion? .......................................................................................4
1.4 The physical role of digestion......................................................................4
1.5 The role of chemical digestion ....................................................................6
1.5.1 The mouth .....................................................................................6
1.5.2 The stomach..................................................................................6
1.5.3 Small intestine: Duodenum ...........................................................7
1.5.4 Small intestine: Jejunum ...............................................................8
1.5.5 Small intestine: Ileum ....................................................................8
1.5.6 The large intestine.........................................................................9
2. The cardiovascular system ............................................................ 11
2.1 The circulatory system ..............................................................................11
2.2 The heart ...................................................................................................14
2.2.1 Stage 1 ........................................................................................15
2.2.2 Stage 2 ........................................................................................15
2.2.3 Stage 3 ........................................................................................15
2.2.4 Control of the heart .....................................................................16
2.3 Blood pressure ..........................................................................................16
2.4 What can go wrong with the circulatory system? .....................................16
2.5 Heart disease ............................................................................................17
2.6 The blood...................................................................................................18
2.6.1 Red blood cells ............................................................................18
2.6.2 White blood cells and leucocytes................................................19
2.6.3 Blood platelets .............................................................................21
2.6.4 Plasma.........................................................................................21
2.6.5 Blood groups ...............................................................................21
3. The respiratory system .................................................................. 24
3.1 Elements of the respiratory system...........................................................25
3.1.1 The nasal structures....................................................................25
3.1.2 The throat ....................................................................................26
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Biology / Human Physiology / Medicine
Unit: Aspects of Human Physiology / Human Physiology
Topic 2: The Digestive, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Excretory Systems
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
3.1.3 The lungs .....................................................................................26
3.2 Gaseous exchange ...................................................................................27
3.3 Breathing ...................................................................................................28
3.3.1 How much oxygen do the lungs hold?........................................28
3.3.2 How is breathing controlled?.......................................................28
3.4 Disorders of the respiratory system ..........................................................29
3.4.1 Hiccups ........................................................................................29
3.4.2 Rhinitis .........................................................................................29
3.4.3 Pharyngitis...................................................................................29
3.4.4 Laryngitis .....................................................................................29
3.4.5 Bronchitis .....................................................................................29
3.4.6 Pneumonia and tuberculosis.......................................................29
3.4.7 Empyema ....................................................................................29
3.4.8 Pleurisy ........................................................................................30
3.4.9 Asthma ........................................................................................30
3.4.10 Emphysema ................................................................................30
3.4.11 Lung cancer.................................................................................30
4. The excretory system..................................................................... 31
4.1 The liver .....................................................................................................31
4.2 The kidneys ...............................................................................................32
Resources .............................................................................................. 35
References and Bibliography ................................................................. 35
Websites ................................................................................................ 35
Sources and credits ............................................................................... 35
Image credits ......................................................................................................35
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
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