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NURS 617 FINAL EXAM () ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
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NURS 617 FINAL EXAM () ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADE A+
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NUR S617 FINAL EXAM (2024-2025)ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADE A+
axial vs appendicular skeleton - >>>Answer axial=skull, thorax, vertebral column (main
supporting structures)
appendicular=UEs/LEs, pelvis, shoulder
types of bones: long vs short vs irregular vs flat - >>>Answer long=upper/lower extremities
short=ankle/wrist; mostly spongey
irregular=vertebrae, jaw
flat=skull, ribs, scapula
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts - >>>Answer osteoblasts- Bone *B*uilding cells; secretes alkaline
phosphate to increase serum calcium & phosphorus
osteoclasts- Bone *C*hewing cells, phagocytic; releases calcium + phosphorus from bone
-high PTH=high calcium release=high osteoclast
osteocytes - >>>Answer -a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the
matrix it has secreted
-releases calcium into the blood
osteoprogenitor cells - >>>Answer bone stem cells; source of all bone cells EXCEPT FOR
OSTEOCLASTS
-increase in activation during puberty, fractures
effects of calcitonin vs PTH - >>>Answer -calcitonin=lowers serum calcium & decreases
resorptive function of osteoclasts; increases bone mass, increased renal excretion of calcium
& phosphates
-PTH=increases serum calcium; increased renal conservation of calcium , decreased bone
mass over time
endosteum and periosteum - >>>Answer -two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells
-endosteum=inner layer
,-periosteum= outer layer
bone blood supply - >>>Answer -highly vascularized, especially in regions containing
spongy bone
-blood vessels enter bones from the periosteum via nutrient foramen
-haversian canals=blood vessels + nerves supplying osteon
-blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen required by cells and remove waste products from
bone cells
hematopoiesis in children vs adults - >>>Answer -in fetus: hematopoiesis transfers from liver
to long bones
-children: red marrow replaced by yellow marrow in long bones; epiphysis separated by
metaphysis by cartilaginous growth plate, fuses by puberty
-adults: red marrow restricted to flat bones (pelvis, fibs, sternum)
RED MARROW=RBC PRODUCTION, YELLOW=ADIPOSE CELLS
3 types of cartilage - >>>Answer 1. Hyaline - most abundant, slightly flexible; ex=nose, ribs
2. Elastic - most flexible, 2nd abundant; ex=ears
3. Fibrocartilage - least flexible; ex=knee, vertebrae
-cartilage=more flexible than bone d/t increased extracellular substance that bone
-no blood vessels; diffusion used for transport unless calcified by high calcium levels
production of D3 - >>>Answer -produced in liver by PTH & prolactin; increases absorption
of calcium
-hypoparathyroidism=low D3, high calcium & phosphorus
-hyperparathyroidism=high D3, low calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is low? - >>>Answer -PTH released by parathyroid to
stimulate osteoclasts to release calcium
-kidneys activate vit D to increase calcium absorption by intestines
-kidneys retain calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is high? - >>>Answer -PTH inhibited, calcitonin released
from thyroid to increase renal clearance of ca+ and phosphate
-inhibits osteoclast activity & inhibits D3 production
sources of vitamin D - >>>Answer sunlight, fortified milk, fish, fish liver oils, eggs
tendons vs ligaments vs joint - >>>Answer Tendons=connect muscle to bone
ligaments=connect bone to bone
joint/articulation=where bone meets bone
, synarthrosis vs synovial/diarthrodial joints - >>>Answer -synarthrosis=absolutely no
movement
-synovial=freely moveable, most joints in body; have synovial fluid for lubrication of joint +
prevent bone degradation. MOST FREQUENTLY EFFECTED BY RHEUMATIC DX (EX-
FIBRO,RA)
SYNOVIAL FLUID - >>>Answer -Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints
and nourishes articular cartilage
-normal=clear or pale yellow appearance, does not clot, less than <100cells/mm
-used for diagnostics of rheumatic dx
bursa + bursitis - >>>Answer -fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a
joint over another; NOT PART OF JOINT
-prevents friction over tendons
-bursitis=inflammation of a bursa
healing process of muscular/joint injuries - >>>Answer -via fibroblasts producing collagen;
collagen accumulates to restrengthen
-starts to heal ~2 weeks, not fully until 2mo; can easily re-damage ligaments/tendon if not
fully healed
strain vs sprain - >>>Answer strain=overstretching of MUSCLE d/t mechanical overload
most common=lower back and cervical regions
sprain=overstretching of LIGAMENT resulting in tear or complete rupture; d/t
abnormal/excessive joint movements. most common=ankle, wrist, knee (ACL)
contusion - >>>Answer -soft tissue injury causing localized hemorrhaging
-blood accumulation forms hematoma; can splint skin d/t increased pressure, increase risk of
infection
most common site for shoulder dislocation - >>>Answer -anterior @ glenohumeral joint
-causes bone end to be separate from joint, loss of articulation occurs
loose bodies (muscoloskeletal) - >>>Answer -small pieces of bone or cartilage within a joint
space
-d/t trauma or degradation of cartilage
-can cause locking of the joint, pain, OA
-common sites: hips, knees, ankles, elbows
-tx: arthroscopy
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