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PCOA Exam 1 (Cell Bio) Exam Qustions And Accurate Answers
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PCOA Exam 1 (Cell Bio) Exam Qustions And AccurateAnswers 2024-2025
ΔG - Answer -delta G = spontaneous, +delta G needs to couple.or add more substrates
for reaction to happen
•ΔG = delta H (enthalpy) - T (temperature) x delta S (entropy)
•Enthalpy = heat exchange/energy change
•ΔH(reaction) = H(products) - H(reactants))
•Endothermic reactions have positive delta H, i.e. take up energy
•Exothermic reactions have negative delta H and release energy
•Entropy = disorder/randomness
ΔG0 - Answer •is the free energy change for a reaction at 25°C, 1.0 atm pressure, all
solutes at 1.0 M
•Oxidation = loss of electrons, Reduction = gain of electrons
•Enzymes DO NOT alter Keq or ΔG/ ΔG0', only change rate of reaction
Superoxide dismutases - Answer these enzymes convert O2‐.( superoxide) to H2O2
(hydrogen peroxide)
Catalase - Answer converts H2O2 to O2 + H2O
, Glutathione peroxidase-uses glutathione (GSH) as an electron donor so that H2O2 can
be converted to H2O (H2O2 + 2 GSH → 2 H2O + GSSG)
Antioxidants, such as vitamin C - convert HO·. (hydroxyl free radical)(and any other free
radicals that escape these other mechanisms) to less damaging intermediates
Antigenic Shift - more major than drift
Antigenic Shift-When the human form of the influenza virus crosses with the influenza
virus from another species both viruses change slightly, this is referred to as antigenic
shift
2 different virus mix together to form a super-virus-more rare occurrence
Antigenic Drift - Answer When mutations occur in the genome of the virus that lead to
small but significant changes in its proteins, this is referred to as antigenic drift.
Restriction enzymes-Answer enzymes that cut DNA and nucleases
Nucleases-Answer cut RNA
Endo = inside (en = in)
Exo = outside ends
Transgenesis-Answer = process of putting a transgene into another organism
Make artificial gene and put into an organism
Structure of carbohydrates-Answer Monosaccharides can be further divided into
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