Bio 252 Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Solved Already Passed
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Course
Bio 252
Institution
Bio 252
Bio 252 Exam 1 Questions and Answers
100% Solved Already Passed
CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (nerves and sensory receptors)
somatic nervous system - division of PNS
skeletal muscles (muscles attached to our bones). Diaphragm is somatic
because it is skele...
PNS - ✔✔Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (nerves and sensory receptors)
somatic nervous system - ✔✔division of PNS
skeletal muscles (muscles attached to our bones). Diaphragm is somatic
because it is skeletal but it is inside the body.
autonomic nervous system - ✔✔division of PNS
smooth (intestines, blood vessels) and cardiac (heart muscles) muscles,
glands (cells or many cells that can synthesize and secrete molecules to
the body)
sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔division of ANS
fight or flight. NOREPINEPHRINE. Ganglia closer to spinal cord.
parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔division of ANS
rest and digest. ACETYLCHOLINE. Ganglia closer to organs
Are thermoreceptors part of the PNS or CNS? - ✔✔PNS
,A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl) tablets. What effect does this have
on the resting membrane potential? - ✔✔because there is already a high
concentration of Na+ ions outside of the neuron and eating the salt tablets
won't really make a difference to the concentration gradient. (taking a
handful of sand and pouring it on the beach analogy)
Why are potassium ions the major factors that determine the resting
membrane potential? - ✔✔Potassium ions have the greatest influence on
the RMP because the plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
than to any other ion (leak channels)
Leak channels - ✔✔these help to maintain resting membrane potential
because sodium and potassium can leak out slowly. Leak channels allow
specific ions to move through. Really important to think about 3D
configuration
Ion gated channels - ✔✔Ion channels allow ions to move through the
plasma membrane driven by electrochemical gradient. Ions do not like to
have different concentrations across the membrane
chemical gradient - ✔✔concentration gradient. If you have more sodium
outside, it is gonna want to move inside to where a lower concentration is
, electrical gradient - ✔✔ions have electrical charge. Measure the inside. If
inside is more negative, this means electrical potential is negative
If you decrease the K+ concentration outside of the cell (hypokalemia),
would lead to hyper- or de- polarization? - ✔✔Since there is less potassium
outside of the cell, potassium would leak outside of the cell, thus becoming
hyperpolarized
definition of action potential - ✔✔a change in electrical potential
why does an AP not get smaller as it propagates? - ✔✔Nodes of ranvier
are packed with voltage gated sodium channels so it can leap down myelin
sheath to these and get propagated. Saltatory conduction
A stronger stimulus cannot generate a greater action potential, but it can
increase the frequency of action potentials generated in the trigger zone.
Explain - ✔✔A stronger stimulus can overcome the relative refractory
period and make it fire even though it's harder to
EPSP - ✔✔make AP more likely to fire (sodium moving in)
IPSP - ✔✔make AP less likely to fire. (Chloride ions going in or a ligand
that will bind to potassium ions to make them go out. When the membrane
becomes more permeable to K and Cl ions)
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