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PHGY 210-ENDO Exam Questions And Correct Answers
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PHGY 210-ENDO Exam Questions And Correct Answerswhat is paracrine signalling? -Answer local signalling of a cell with a target cell
what is autocrine signalling? -Answer cell talking to itself
what are the 6 steps of communication by hormones? -Answer 1) synthesis of the
hormone by the endocrine cells
2) release of the hormone by the endocrine cells
3) transport of the hormone to the target site by the blood stream
4) recognition of the hormone by a specific receptor protein on target cells
5) altered cellular metabolism due to the hormone-receptor interactions
6) degradation or excretion of the hormone, which often terminates the cellular
response
what are the 2 ways that the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitar? - Answer 1-
through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system-from hypothalamus to ant.
pituitary
2-to post. pituitary
what do hypothalamic neurotransmitters do? - Answer either activate or inhibit activity
of one of the 6 types of hormoneproducing cells in the ant. pituitary
-releasing hormones
-inhibiting hormones
what are the classes of hormones? - Answer -glycoproteins
-polypeptides
-steroids
,-amines
-ionic calcium (has a calcium sensing receptor so its a hormone)
for which classes of hormones do we have a gene in our genome to build it? - Answer
-glycoproteins
-polypeptides
how do we synthesize amines and steroids? -Answer we do not have a gene in our
genome,, however we have genes that encode enzymes that are necessary for the
biosynthesis of the hormones.
Describe the synthesis of protein hormones ANSWER Protein encoded by the gene has
end terminal extension on it called preprosequences which act as a bar code that
directs proteins into the secretory system.
It initiates the synthesis on ribosomes of preprohormones, then travel to ER where
preprohormones are converted to pro hormones then travel to golgi apparatus where
prohormone is packaged into secretory vesicles that leave the cell and release the
hormone and other peptides
how many rings do steroids have? - Answer 4
what are the thyroid hormones? - Answer T3 and T4
why is reverse T3 not a thyroid hormone? - Answer cannot bind to thyroid receptors
(due to singular iodine on proximal ring)
what percent of T3, T4 and rT3 do we have? - Answer T4: 90%
T3: 9%
rT3: 0.9%
what do the numbers signify on the thyroid hormones? - Answer how many iodines they
, have
what is the type of mechanism called for a hypothetical membrane receptor? - Answer
lock and key
what is characteristics of hormone receptors? - Answr specificity: recognition of a
single hormone
-affinity: binding hormone at its physiological conc.
-should show saturability: a finite number of receptors
-measurable biological effect: biological response due to interaction of hormone with its
receptor
how do receptors become upregulated? - Answr increasing synthesis
-increasing their activity in response to hormone
what are the 3 mechanisms by which a hormone can exert effects on target cells?
-Answer- direct effects on function at the cell membrane
-intracellular effects mediated by second messenger systems
-intracellular effects mediated by genomic or nuclear action
give example of direct effects on function - Answer insulin binds to insulin receptor in
membrane, which can send signal indirectly in nucleus leading to changes in gene
transcription. Insulin is necessary to stimulate cells to take up glucose. Then glucose
can enter with a glucose carrier.
which type of receptor is involved in intracellular genomic signalling - Answer nuclear
receptors, including receptors for steroid hormones
describe intracellular genomic signalling - Answer steroid hormone can enter directly,
binds to a specific hormone receptor in the cytoplasm which travels into the nucleus
where it regulates transcription of certain genes, changing proteins and thus changing
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