NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
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Exam 1 Questions with Verified Answers.
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What is the body's defense against ROS?
a- a- a- Antioxidants (Vitamin E, a- a- a- a-a- a- a- a- a-
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
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How does a hypertonic solution alter osmolality?
a- a- a- Increases solute a- a- a- a-a- a- a- a-
concentration, causing INCREASED osmolality. Causes cells to SHRINK.
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What lab values are elevated as we age?
a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a-a- a- Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis a- a- a- a-
factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein a- a- a-
Role of hepatocytes
a- a- Acetyl CoA is processed by hepatocytes and a-a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a-
transforms to 3 ketone bodies: a- a- a- a-
1. Acetoacetate
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2. Acetone
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3. B-hydroxybutyrate
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Role of mitochondria
a- a- a-a- a- Ketogenesis: occurs mostly in the hepatocytes
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How are free radicals produced?
a- a- a- a- a-a- 1. Normal cellular respiration
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2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
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3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
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,4. Transition of metals
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5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
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action potential Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
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neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
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Threshold potential Point at which depolarization must reach in order
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to initiate an action potential
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Hypokalemia and action potentials HYPERpolarized (more negative,
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ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness,
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smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
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Hyperkalemia and action potentials HYPOpolarized (more positive,
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ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
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When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
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cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
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Hypocalcemia and action potentials Increased permeability to Na+.
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More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
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dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials Decreased permeability to Na+.
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Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
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encephalopathy, depressed T waves a- a- a-
, Atrophy Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
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blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation.
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Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for
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decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply,
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and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished
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function and may lead to cellular death.
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Atrophy examples Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
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gland during childhood.
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Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
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Hypertrophy Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
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size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional
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demand.
Hypertrophy examples physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy
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when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
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surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
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pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
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in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
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Hyperplasia Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate
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of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell
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division).
Hyperplasia examples a- a-a- a- 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of
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epidermal cells. a-
