Hofestede's Framework - ✔✔countries classified based on four dimensions:
-individualism
-power distance
-uncertainty avoidance
-masculinity
Individualism Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which people in a given society are focussed on
individual achievements & accomplishments as opposed to the overall success of the group to which
they belong
Power Distance Dimension - ✔✔reflective of the extent to which individuals are willing to
accept inequality in their society
Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which individuals in a society expect
to be guided by formal rules & regulations
Masculinity Dimension - ✔✔reflects the extent to which a society tends to emphasize and reward
"masculine" values such as competition, success and performance as opposed to "feminine" values
such as nurturing & caring for others
Gannon's Metaphors - ✔✔descriptive metaphors used to conjure up a mental image that
accurately image that accurately encapsulates the culture of the society under consideration
Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck (KS) Framework - ✔✔cultural differences assessed from the standpoint
of whether:
a) people believe that they are in control of their environment b)whether individuals in society are
future oriented or fixated on the past
, c) whether they can be relied upon to act freely & responsibly
d)whether individuals in the society are more interested in material as opposed to spiritual goals
e)whether people in the society believe that they are collectively responsible for each other's welfare
f)whether people refer to conduct their affairs in private or in public
Global Project - ✔✔The global leadership & organizational behaviour effectiveness (GLOBE)
9 Dimensions of culture - ✔✔-performance orientation
Objective or Factual Knowledge - ✔✔the manager learns the meaning associated with
different cultures' non-verbal symbols
Experiential Knowledge - ✔✔manager lives in the foreign country and become immersed in
its culture
Culture & Ethics - ✔✔-society's core cultural values provide the basis for the assessment
of alternatives and for decisions on whether some action is right or wrong
-societies have different views on which issues fall in the moral domain requiring an ethical decision, and
which do not
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