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GMS 6440 Final Exam with Questions solved 100%
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GMS 6440 Final Exam withQuestions solved 100%
How many lobes to the right and left lungs have? - ✔✔Right has 3 and the left has 2
We cannot hold a breath for long. Why? - ✔✔- brain controls respirations
- CO2 & diaphragm levels take over & override voluntary breathing & involuntary breathing takes over
Renal and Urinary System - ✔✔Organs: kidney, ureter, bladder
Function:
- excrete waste from blood
- control water balance by regulating volume of urine production
- stores urine until voluntary elimination
- regulate blood [ion] and pH
How much liquid do we filter a day and how much urine is usually produced? - ✔✔We filter 170
L/day while only producing 1.5 L of urine.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? - ✔✔nephron
,Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: - ✔✔Bowman's
capsule-proximal tubule- loop of Henle-distal tubule-collecting duct.
What hormone does the kidney produce? - ✔✔erythroprotein -- required for RBC production
when patient has kidney failure, they cannot produce this hormone
Endocrine System - ✔✔Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands,
gonads, endocrine tissues in other organ systems
Function:
- direct long-term changes in systems
- adjust metabolic activity & energy
- controls many structural & fx changes during development
Major hormones and their functions - ✔✔GH: pituitary. stimulates growth.
TH: thyroid. maintains metabolism, regulates BP, development
Cortisol: adrenal gland. Stress resistance and fat mobilization
Insulin: pancreas. Lowers blood sugar
Gastrin: stomach. Production of HCl
Erythropoietin: kidney. RBC production
Leptin: adipose. suppresses appetite.
Nervous System - ✔✔Organs: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Function:
- provide and interpret sensory info (input)
- coordinate or moderates activities of other systems systems
(integrate) -directs immediate responses to stimuli (response)
, Neurotransmitters produced by body & travel down axon & released @ axon terminal. NT stored in
synaptic vesicles & directed to post synaptic neuron to synaptic cleft. - ✔✔
Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping myelinated
axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node. - ✔✔
Female Reproductive System - ✔✔Organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Function:
- produce female sex cells (oocytes) & hormones
- support embryo
- provide milk
Menstrual cycle - ✔✔ovulation occurs around 14 days into cycle when LH surge triggers release of
single mature egg from ovary to go through fallopian tubes to the uterus. If unfertilized, it is
discharged and endometrium is shed (menstruation).
Distribution of Major Electrolytes - ✔✔Na+: 10:1 outside
K+: 25:1 inside
Cl-: 5:1 outside
HCO3-: 2:1 outside
Ca2+: micromolar inside. Thousand-fold greater outside.
Organic anions: 15:1 inside
channels vs transporters - ✔✔channels move water or ions and electrode
transporters are solute carriers or pumps
Permeability for passive diffusion - ✔✔-Ions (K+, Na+, HCO-, Ca2+, Cl-) do not cross the membrane
-hydrophobic molecules (O2, N2, CO2) pass freely
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