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MIP 302 Final exam with Answers to Questions
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MIP 302 Final exam with Answers to Questions
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MIP 302 Final exam with Answers to QuestionsWhat types of cells can a virus or phage infect? - ✔✔This depends on the virus;
each virus attaches to each host cell at a specific receptor site. Therefore, viruses can
only infect certain hosts, and usually even a certain cell type within that host
Why are phages not dangerous to humans? - ✔✔Only bacteria have the specific
cell membrane receptors to let them invade the cell
how do bacteriophages enter the host cell? - ✔✔they inject their genetic
material through the bacterial cell wall
how do animal viruses enter the cell? - ✔✔endocytosis
lysosome - ✔✔cell organelle filled with enzymes (in an acidic environment)
needed to break down certain materials that the cell produces, uses, or endocytoses
,chemotherapeutic agents - ✔✔chemicals administered internally to the host for the
control of microbial infections; used to control fungal, protozoal, and bacterial infections
Bacteriocidal - ✔✔agent that kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic - ✔✔inhibits bacterial growth
True antibiotic - ✔✔a natural substance made by one organism to kill
a microorganism
antibiotic - ✔✔A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces
the reproduction rate of other organisms
origins of penicillin - ✔✔Penicillium mold secretions
origins of polymyxin B - ✔✔Bacillus polymyxa bacteria
origins of streptomycin - ✔✔Streptomyces bacterial genus
sulfa drugs - ✔✔drugs that are synthesized in laboratories; chemotherapeutic
agent but NOT a true antibiotic
selective toxicity - ✔✔a drug's ability to selectively find and destroy
pathogens without damaging the host
5 principle mechanisms by which chemotherapeutic agents work - ✔✔1. inhibition
of cell wall synthesis
, 2. inhibition of protein synthesis
3. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
4. cell membrane disruption
5. metabolic antagonism
inhibition of cell wall synthesis (antibiotics) - ✔✔prevents synthesis of
peptidoglycan by binding to certain enzymes thus preventing peptide interbridges
between NAG and NAM from forming; cells undergo lysis
what type of antibiotics use inhibition of cell wall synthesis as their mechanism?
- ✔✔penicillin, vancomycin, and others
inhibition of protein synthesis (antibiotics) - ✔✔some bind to 30S ribosomal subunit,
either causing incorrect translation of mRNA transcript or interfere with aminoacyl-
tRNA binding
others bind to the 50S subunit and prevent peptide bond formation and peptide chain
elongation
what type of antibiotics use inhibition of protein synthesis as their mechanism? -
✔✔target 30S: streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline
target 50S: chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (antibiotics) - ✔✔inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
to interrupt DNA replication and transcription OR may bind to DNA-dependent-RNA-
polymerase (blocks RNA synthesis)
what type of antibiotics use inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis as their mechanism?
- ✔✔ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and rifampin
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