Exam (elaborations)

NURSfg5315fgAdvancedfgPathophysiology

Rating

Sold

Pages

Grade

A+

Uploaded on

20-09-2024

Written in

2024/2025

Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver* The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis 2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia 3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis 4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria What is the body's defense against ROS? Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin) How are free radicals produced? 1. Normal cellular respiration 2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light) 3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides 4. Transition of metals 5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical action potential Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes Threshold potential Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential Hypokalemia and action potentials HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias Hyperkalemia and action potentials HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves. When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis Hypocalcemia and action potentials Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias. Hypercalcemia and action potentials Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves Atrophy Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death. Atrophy examples Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood. Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed Hypertrophy Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.

Show more Read less

Institution

NURSfg5315fgAdvancedfgPathophysiology

Course

NURSfg5315fgAdvancedfgPathophysiology

Whoops! We can’t load your doc right now. Try again or contact support.

Report Copyright Violation

Written for

Institution: NURSfg5315fgAdvancedfgPathophysiology
Course: NURSfg5315fgAdvancedfgPathophysiology

Document information

Uploaded on: September 20, 2024
Number of pages: 10
Written in: 2024/2025
Type: Exam (elaborations)
Contains: Questions & answers

Subjects

nursfg5315fgadvancedfgpathophysiology

Content preview

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
fg fg fg

Ovarianfgcancerfgsitefgoffgmetastasis?
Peritonealfgsurfaces,fgomentumfg(foldfgoffgperitoneumfgconnectingfgthefgstomachfgwithfgotherfga
bdominalfgorgans),fg*liver*
ThefgincreasedfgNADH/NAD+fgratiofginfgthefgliverfgfromfgethanolfgcauses: 1.fgPyruvatefg--
>fglacticfgacid,fgcausingfglacticfgacidosis
2.fgOxaloacetatefg-->fgmalate.fgThisfgpreventsfggluconeogenesisfgandfgleadsfgtofghypoglycemia
3.fgGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphatefg-->fgglycerolfg3-
fgphosphatefgandfgcombinesfgwithfgfattyfgacidsfgtofgformfgtriglyceridesfginfgthefgliver,fgknownfgasfghepatost

eatosis
4.fgDecreasesfgcitricfgacidfgcyclefgproductionfgoffgNADHfgandfgleadsfgtofgusingfgAcetyl-
CoAfgforfgketogenesisfgandfglipogenesis
WhatfgcanfgReactivefgOxygenfgSpeciesfgcause?
Heartfgdisease,fgAlzheimers,fgParkinsons,fgAmyotrophicfgLateralfgSclerosisfg(ALS),fgCVfgdise
ase,fgHTN,fgHLD,fgDM,fgischemicfgheartfgdisease,fgHF,fgOSA.fgLipidfgperioxidation,fgdamagefgproteins,
fgfragmentfgDNA,fglessfg*proteinfgsynthesis*,fgchromatinfgdestruction,fgdamagefgmitochondria

Whatfgisfgthefgbody'sfgdefensefgagainstfgROS?
Antioxidantsfg(VitaminfgE,fgVitaminfgC,fgcysteine,fgglutathione,fgalbumin,fgceruloplasmin,fgtra
nsferrin)
Howfgarefgfreefgradicalsfgproduced? 1.fgNormalfgcellularfgrespiration
2.fgAbsorptionfgoffgextremefgenergyfgsourcesfg(radiation,fgUVfglight)
3.fgMetabolismfgoffgexogenousfgchemicals,fgdrugs,fgandfgpesticides
4.fgTransitionfgoffgmetals
5.fgNitricfgoxidefgactingfglikefgafgchemicalfgmediatorfgandfgafgfreefgradical
actionfgpotential Processfgoffgconductingfganfgimpulse.fgActivatesfgthefgneuronfg--
>fgthefgneuronfgdepolarizesfg-->fgthenfgrepolarizes
Thresholdfgpotential
Pointfgatfgwhichfgdepolarizationfgmustfgreachfginfgorderfgtofginitiatefganfgactionfgpotential
Hypokalemiafgandfgactionfgpotentials HYPERpolarizedfg(morefgnegative,fgex.fg-
100).fgLessfgexcitable.fgDecreasedfgneuromuscularfgexcitability:fgweakness,fgsmoothfgmusclefgatony,fgp
aresthesia,fgcardiacfgdysrhythmias
Hyperkalemiafgandfgactionfgpotentials
HYPOpolarizedfg(morefgpositive,fgex:fgcloserfgtofg0).fgMorefgexcitable.fgPeakedfgTfgwaves.fg
Whenfgrestingfgmembranefgpotential=thresholdfgpotential,fgitfgisfgBADfg=fgcardiacfgstandstill,fgparesthe
sia,fgparalysis
Hypocalcemiafgandfgactionfgpotentials
IncreasedfgpermeabilityfgtofgNa+.fgMorefgexcitable.fgTetany,fghyperreflexia,fgcircumoralfgpares
thesia,fgseizures,fgdysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemiafgandfgactionfgpotentials
DecreasedfgpermeabilityfgtofgNa+.fgLessfgexcitable.fgWeakness,fghyporeflexia,fgfatigue,fglethar
gy,fgconfusion,fgencephalopathy,fgdepressedfgTfgwaves
Atrophy
Occursfgasfgafgresultfgoffgdecreasefginfgworkfgload,fgpressure,fguse,fgbloodfgsupply,fgnutrition,fghor
monalfgstimulation,fgorfgnervousfgstimulation.fgOncefgthefgcellfghasfgdecreasedfginfgsize,fgitfghasfgnowfgco
mpensatedfgforfgdecreasedfgbloodfgsupply,fgnervefgsupply,fgnutrientfgsupply,fghormonalfgsupply,fgandfgh

, asfgachievedfgnewfghomeostasis.fgCellsfgarefgalivefgbutfghavefgdiminishedfgfunctionfgandfgmayfgleadfgtofgc
ellularfgdeath.
Atrophyfgexamples Physiologicfgatrophy-fgshrinkingfgoffgthefgthymusfgglandfgduringfgchildhood.
Disusefgatrophy-fgsomeonefgthatfgendsfgupfgbeingfgparalyzed
Hypertrophy
IncreasefginfgSIZEfgoffgcells,fgwhichfgwillfgleadfgtofgincreasefginfgsizefgoffgorgan.fgCausedfgbyfghor
monalfgstimulationfgorfgincreasedfgfunctionalfgdemand.
Hypertrophyfgexamples physiologicfghypertrophy-
fgskeletalfghypertrophyfgwhenfgafgpersonfgdoesfgheavyfgworkfgorfgweightfgliftingfg/fgwhenfgafgkidneyfgisfgsur

gicallyfgremoved,fgthefgotherfgkidneyfgincreasesfginfgsize
pathologicfghypertrophy-
fgcardiomegalyfgresultsfgfromfganfgincreasedfgworkloadfginfghypertensivefgpatientsfg/fg*leftfgventricularfgh

ypertrophy*
Hyperplasia
IncreasefginfgNUMBERfgoffgcells.fgResultsfgfromfgincreasedfgratefgoffgmitosis.fgCanfgONLYfghap
penfginfgcellsfgthatfgarefgcapablefgoffgmitosisfg(cellfgdivision).
Hyperplasiafgexamples 1.fgThickeningfgoffgskinfgbecausefgoffghyperplasiafgoffgepidermalfgcells.
2.fgHormonalfghyperplasia-fgoccursfginfgestrogenfgdependentfgorgansfglikefguterusfgandfgbreast.
3.fgCompensatoryfghyperplasia-fgliverfgregenerates,fgcallusfgonfgskin
4.fgPathologicfghyperplasia-
fgestrogenfgisfgunopposedfgbyfgprogesteronefgandfgthefgendometrialfgliningfgundergoesfghyperplasiafgandf

gincreasedfgriskfgforfgendometrialfgcancer

Dysplasia
abnormalfgchangesfginfgthefgsize,fgshape,fgandfgorganizationfgoffgmaturefgcellsfgduefgtofgpersistent
,fgseverefgcellfginjuryfgorfgirritation
Dysplasiafgexamples
Prefgcancerfgpapfgsmearsfgoftenfgshowfgdysplasticfgcellsfgoffgthefgcervixfgthatfgmustfgundergofgtrea
tment.
Metaplasia
ChangedfgcellfgthatfgisfgREVERSIBLEfg(onefgcellfgisfgreplacedfgbyfganotherfgcell).fgExposurefgtofg
chronicfgstressors,fginjuryfgorfgirritation,fglikefgsmokingfgorfghydrochloricfgacidfgfromfgheartfgburn
Metaplasiafgexamples
Mostfgcommonfgisfgchangefgfromfgcolumnarfgcellsfgtofgsquamousfgcellsfg(chronicfgsmokers).fg
Lessfgcommonfgisfgchangefgfromfgsquamousfgtofgcolumnarfgcells,fglikefginfgBarrettfgEsophagusfgcausedfgb
yfgheartfgburn.
Carcinomafginfgsitu Pre-
invasivefgepithelialfgmalignantfgtumorsfgoffgglandularfgorfgsquamousfgorigin.fgSitesfgincludingfgcervix,fgs
kin,fgoralfgcavity,fgesophagus,fgandfgbronchus
Hypoxicfginjury 1.fgDecreasefginfgoxygenfginfgthefgairfg(highfgaltitudes,fgasphyxiation,fgdrowning)
2.fgLossfgoffghemoglobinfgfunctionfg(hemorrhagefgorfgsicklefgcellfganemia)
3.fgDecreasefginfgproductionfgoffgredfgbloodfgcellsfg(anemiafgorfgleukemia)
4.fgDiseasesfgoffgcardiopulmonaryfgsystemsfg(ischemia,fgbloodfgsupplyfgloss,fgarteriosclerosis)
Hypoxicfginjuryfgclinicalfgmanifestations 1.fgIncreasedfgCKfg(musclefgandfgheart)
2.fgIncreasedfgLDHfg(muscle,fgliver,fglung,fgheart,fgRBC,fgbrain)
3.fgIncreasedfgALTfgandfgASTfg(liver)
4.fgIncreasedfgtroponinfg(heart)

$10.99

Get access to the full document:

100% satisfaction guarantee

Immediately available after payment

Both online and in PDF

No strings attached

Get to know the seller

yourikin

Get to know the seller

yourikin EXAMS

View profile

Sold

Member since

2 year

Number of followers

Documents

Last sold

0.0

0 reviews

Why students choose Stuvia

Created by fellow students, verified by reviews

Quality you can trust: written by students who passed their tests and reviewed by others who've used these notes.

Didn't get what you expected? Choose another document

No worries! You can instantly pick a different document that better fits what you're looking for.

Pay as you like, start learning right away

No subscription, no commitments. Pay the way you're used to via credit card and download your PDF document instantly.

“Bought, downloaded, and aced it. It really can be that simple.”

Alisha Student

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller yourikin. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $10.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews) 43680 documents were sold in the last 30 days Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now