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NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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NURS 5315 ADVANCEDPATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
OvarianDcancerDsiteDofDmetastasis?D-
DANSWERDPeritonealDsurfaces,DomentumD(foldDofDperitoneumDconnectingDtheDstomachDwithDotherDabdo
minalDorgans),D*liver*
TheDincreasedDNADH/NAD+DratioDinDtheDliverDfromDethanolDcauses:D-DANSWERD1.DPyruvateD--
>DlacticDacid,DcausingDlacticDacidosis
2.DOxaloacetateD-->Dmalate.DThisDpreventsDgluconeogenesisDandDleadsDtoDhypoglycemia
3.DGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphateD-->DglycerolD3-
DphosphateDandDcombinesDwithDfattyDacidsDtoDformDtriglyceridesDinDtheDliver,DknownDasDhepatosteatosis
4.DDecreasesDcitricDacidDcycleDproductionDofDNADHDandDleadsDtoDusingDAcetyl-
CoADforDketogenesisDandDlipogenesis
WhatDcanDReactiveDOxygenDSpeciesDcause?D-
DANSWERDHeartDdisease,DAlzheimers,DParkinsons,DAmyotrophicDLateralDSclerosisD(ALS),DCVDdisease,DHTN,D
HLD,DDM,DischemicDheartDdisease,DHF,DOSA.DLipidDperioxidation,DdamageDproteins,DfragmentDDNA,DlessD*p
roteinDsynthesis*,DchromatinDdestruction,DdamageDmitochondria
WhatDisDtheDbody'sDdefenseDagainstDROS?D-
DANSWERDAntioxidantsD(VitaminDE,DVitaminDC,Dcysteine,Dglutathione,Dalbumin,Dceruloplasmin,Dtransferrin)
HowDareDfreeDradicalsDproduced?D-DANSWERD1.DNormalDcellularDrespiration
2.DAbsorptionDofDextremeDenergyDsourcesD(radiation,DUVDlight)
3.DMetabolismDofDexogenousDchemicals,Ddrugs,DandDpesticides
4.DTransitionDofDmetals
5.DNitricDoxideDactingDlikeDaDchemicalDmediatorDandDaDfreeDradical
actionDpotentialD-DANSWERDProcessDofDconductingDanDimpulse.DActivatesDtheDneuronD--
>DtheDneuronDdepolarizesD-->DthenDrepolarizes
,ThresholdDpotentialD-
DANSWERDPointDatDwhichDdepolarizationDmustDreachDinDorderDtoDinitiateDanDactionDpotential
HypokalemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-DANSWERDHYPERpolarizedD(moreDnegative,Dex.D-
100).DLessDexcitable.DDecreasedDneuromuscularDexcitability:Dweakness,DsmoothDmuscleDatony,Dparesthesi
a,DcardiacDdysrhythmias
HyperkalemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-
DANSWERDHYPOpolarizedD(moreDpositive,Dex:DcloserDtoD0).DMoreDexcitable.DPeakedDTDwaves.D
WhenDrestingDmembraneDpotential=thresholdDpotential,DitDisDBADD=DcardiacDstandstill,Dparesthesia,Dparal
ysis
HypocalcemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-
DANSWERDIncreasedDpermeabilityDtoDNa+.DMoreDexcitable.DTetany,Dhyperreflexia,DcircumoralDparesthesia,D
seizures,Ddysrhythmias.
HypercalcemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-
DANSWERDDecreasedDpermeabilityDtoDNa+.DLessDexcitable.DWeakness,Dhyporeflexia,Dfatigue,Dlethargy,Dconf
usion,Dencephalopathy,DdepressedDTDwaves
AtrophyD-
DANSWERDOccursDasDaDresultDofDdecreaseDinDworkDload,Dpressure,Duse,DbloodDsupply,Dnutrition,DhormonalD
stimulation,DorDnervousDstimulation.DOnceDtheDcellDhasDdecreasedDinDsize,DitDhasDnowDcompensatedDforDd
ecreasedDbloodDsupply,DnerveDsupply,DnutrientDsupply,DhormonalDsupply,DandDhasDachievedDnewDhomeost
asis.DCellsDareDaliveDbutDhaveDdiminishedDfunctionDandDmayDleadDtoDcellularDdeath.
AtrophyDexamplesD-DANSWERDPhysiologicDatrophy-DshrinkingDofDtheDthymusDglandDduringDchildhood.
DisuseDatrophy-DsomeoneDthatDendsDupDbeingDparalyzed
HypertrophyD-
DANSWERDIncreaseDinDSIZEDofDcells,DwhichDwillDleadDtoDincreaseDinDsizeDofDorgan.DCausedDbyDhormonalDsti
mulationDorDincreasedDfunctionalDdemand.
, HypertrophyDexamplesD-DANSWERDphysiologicDhypertrophy-
DskeletalDhypertrophyDwhenDaDpersonDdoesDheavyDworkDorDweightDliftingD/DwhenDaDkidneyDisDsurgicallyDre
moved,DtheDotherDkidneyDincreasesDinDsize
pathologicDhypertrophy-
DcardiomegalyDresultsDfromDanDincreasedDworkloadDinDhypertensiveDpatientsD/D*leftDventricularDhypertrop
hy*
HyperplasiaD-
DANSWERDIncreaseDinDNUMBERDofDcells.DResultsDfromDincreasedDrateDofDmitosis.DCanDONLYDhappenDinDcell
sDthatDareDcapableDofDmitosisD(cellDdivision).
HyperplasiaDexamplesD-DANSWERD1.DThickeningDofDskinDbecauseDofDhyperplasiaDofDepidermalDcells.
2.DHormonalDhyperplasia-DoccursDinDestrogenDdependentDorgansDlikeDuterusDandDbreast.
3.DCompensatoryDhyperplasia-DliverDregenerates,DcallusDonDskin
4.DPathologicDhyperplasia-
DestrogenDisDunopposedDbyDprogesteroneDandDtheDendometrialDliningDundergoesDhyperplasiaDandDincreas
edDriskDforDendometrialDcancer
DysplasiaD-
DANSWERDabnormalDchangesDinDtheDsize,Dshape,DandDorganizationDofDmatureDcellsDdueDtoDpersistent,Dseve
reDcellDinjuryDorDirritation
DysplasiaDexamplesD-
DANSWERDPreDcancerDpapDsmearsDoftenDshowDdysplasticDcellsDofDtheDcervixDthatDmustDundergoDtreatment
.
MetaplasiaD-
DANSWERDChangedDcellDthatDisDREVERSIBLED(oneDcellDisDreplacedDbyDanotherDcell).DExposureDtoDchronicDstr
essors,DinjuryDorDirritation,DlikeDsmokingDorDhydrochloricDacidDfromDheartDburn
MetaplasiaDexamplesD-
DANSWERDMostDcommonDisDchangeDfromDcolumnarDcellsDtoDsquamousDcellsD(chronicDsmokers).D
LessDcommonDisDchangeDfromDsquamousDtoDcolumnarDcells,DlikeDinDBarrettDEsophagusDcausedDbyDheartDbu
rn.
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