→ ~~> -pulse/blood pressure varies with respiration. may indicate severe air trapping
(status asthmaticus or cardiac tamponade)
tactile fremitus
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→ ~~> -vibrations felt by hand on chest wall
-vocal fremitus: voice vibrations on the chest wall
-pleural rub fremitus: grating sensation due to roughened pleural spaces
-Rhonchial fremitus(palpable rhonchi): secretions in airways
Crepitus
→ ~~> -bubbles of air under skin that can be palpated and indicates subcutaneous
emphysema
Resonant percussion
→ ~~> -hollow sound
-normal lungs
Flat percussion
→ ~~> -heard over sternum, muscles, or areas of atelectasis
Dull percussion
→ ~~> -heard over fluid-filled organs such as heart or liver (thudding)
-pleural effusion or pneumonia
Tympanic percussion
→ ~~> -heard over air-filled stomach.
-drum-like sound and when heard over lung = increased volume
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