Exam (elaborations)
NU 318 Genetics Exam 3 With Complete Solution
- Course
- Institution
NU 318 Genetics Exam 3 With Complete Solution...
[Show more]
Content preview
NU 318 Genetics Exam 3 WithComplete Solution
Define Epigenetics - ANSWER the study of environmental influences on gene
expression that occur WITHOUT a DNA change
- they are chemical or environmental modifications
ex: parental diet and environmental toxins
What are the components of the epigenome? - ANSWER 1. methylation
2. micro RNA
3. histone modification
Define methylation - ANSWER Addition of a chemical tag that turns off gene
expression from a parent
- DNA sequence AND methyl tag are passed down to offspring
Histone modification - ANSWER changes in the structure of histones that
make it more or less likely that a segment of DNA will be transcribed
- chemical tags are attacked to the tails of histones
- when histones are too tightly wound then parts of DNA segments will not
be available for transcription
What are micro-RNA? - ANSWER - small single stranded RNA that bind to
mRNA and make it double stranded
- they prevent translation, and therefore protein synthesis
,What is a microbiome? - ANSWER the microorganisms in a particular
environment (including the body or a part of the body).
- unique to every person
What was the Dutch Hunger Winter? - ANSWER - a super cold winter that
prevented shipments of food
- people survived on 30% of normal intake
- babies malnourished during the LAST few months of gestation remained
SMALL
- babies malnourished in FIRST months of gestation had more OBESITY and
health problems in the future
What is the relationship between epigenetics and cancer? - ANSWER WE
KNOW:
a. cancer represents changes in gene expression
b. damage or loss of expression of suppressor genes can permit expression
of cancer genes
c. damage or mutation of an oncogene can make it less susceptible to control
by suppressor products
What is the relationship between methylation and cancer? - ANSWER - this is
the most studied epigenetic mechanism in cancer
- areas around oncogenes are often hypomethylated (increase expression)
- areas around tumor suppressor genes are hypermethylated (decrease
expression)
, What are cancer preventions and/or therapy research that have been found?
- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING HELP PREVENT CANCER
1.) There are compounds to PREVENT methylation of suppressor genes
2.) There are compounds to CAUSE oncogenes to be methylated
3.) There are drugs that inhibit enzymes that increase methylation or change
in histone influence
4.) Antioxidant influence
Name 2 environmental toxins and why are they toxic? - ANSWER 1. Biphenol
A (BPA)
2. Phthylates
- these change cell structure and therefore influence future generations
What was the experiment with the Agouti Mice? - ANSWER - mice with two
copies of dominant Agouti gene: yellow and obese
- when the Agouti gene was methylated:
a.) They became brown
b.) They developed a normal appetite
What is the primary risk factor for having a mentla disorder? - ANSWER
having a close family member who had the disorder
What is true about Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, & Autism - ANSWER all
three of these have a higher heritability than Parkinsons and Breast Cancer
What are the pharmacogenetics for mental disorders? - ANSWER - only some
psychotropic medications are helpful for some individuals
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Belina. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
76945 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now