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NR 507- Advanced Patho Midterm Questions and Answers 2024
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NR 507- Advanced Patho Midterm
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NR 507- Advanced Patho MidtermPhysiologic manifestation of anemia - answer Severe fatigue, pallor, weakness,
dyspnea, dizziness
Increased RBC distribution on labs
Microcytic anemia – answer MCV <80fL
Small RBCs
i.e. iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic, thalassemia
Macrocytic anemia - answerMCV >100fl
Large RBCs
i.e. B12 deficiency, folate deficiency
Normocytic anemia - answerMCV 80-99fl
normal size RBCs
i.e. hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hypochromic - answerdecreased hemoglobin
low MCHC
RBCs pale color
Hyperchromic - answerincreased hemoglobin
high MCHC
dark color
Normochromic - answernormal amount of hemoglobin
normal MCHC
Normal color
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency - answerDecreased nutritional intake, impaired
absorption
Risk factors for Vitamin B12 deficiency - answervegetarian, GI issues (h. pylori), older
adults
S/S of Vitamin B12 deficiency - answerfatigue, peripheral neuropathy in BLE
Causes of folic acid deficiency - answerdecreased dietary intake, increased
requirement, impaired utilization
Risk factors for folic acid deficency - answeralcoholism
, Symptoms of folic acid deficiency - answercheilosis, stomatitis, painful ulcerations of
mucosa, GI tract sensitivity
Iron deficiency anemia - answerAccompanied by low ferritin and transferrin levels
Low MCHC
Microcytic, hypochromic
causes of iron deficiency anemia - answerdietary deficiency, impaired absorption,
increased requirement, chronic blood loss
Thalassemia - answerGenetic with many possible mutations
Low MCHC
Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation - answerInitially normocytic-normochromic but
changes to microcytic-hypochromic
caused by decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in those with chronic
disease/inflammation
i.e. CHF, CKD, infections
Hemolytic anemia - answerpremature accelerated destruction of erythrocytes
Causes of hemolytic anemia - answerAcquired (transfusion reaction, hemolytic disease
of newborns, drug, infectious, etc.)
Genetic (structural defects, plasma protein mutation, enzyme deficiencies)
Aplastic anemia - answernormal MCHC
Suspect if levels of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are also
diminished
Sickle cell trait - answerAsymptomatic
Carry only one copy of hemoglobin gene
Sickle cell disease - answerSymptomatic
Carries two abnormal hemoglobin genes
Primary immunodeficiencies - answerDefect occurs during immune system
development
less common
can involve antibody deficiencies, B and T cell deficiencies, etc.
Secondary immunodeficiencies - answerImmune system becomes compromised by
something else
More common
i.e. cancer, drug effect, infections, malnutrition, HIV
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - answerIgE mediated reaction
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