matter - ANS anything that occupies space and has mass
atoms - ANS submicroscopic particles that are the building blocks of matter
molecules - ANS 2 or more atoms joined together in specific geometric arrangements (bonds)
pure substance - ANS composed of only one type of atom or molecule
mixture - ANS composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules combined in
variable proportions
compound - ANS a substance composed of two or more elements in fixed definite proportions
heterogeneous mixture - ANS composition varies from 1 region to another
homogeneous mixture - ANS composition is the same throughout
physical properties - ANS one that a substance displays without changing its composition (odor,
color, texture, melting, boiling pt, conductor, change of state)
chemical properties - ANS one that a substance displays only through changing its composition
1 calorie = - ANS 4.184 joules
1 Calorie = - ANS 1000 calories
1 kilowatt = - ANS 3.6x10^6 joules
exothermic - ANS chemical reactions that release energy (condensation)
endothermic - ANS chemical reactions that absorb energy (photosynthesis)
John Dalton's atomic theory - ANS 1) each element is composed of tiny, indestructable particles
called atoms
2) all atoms of a given element have the same mass and properties that distinguish them from
atoms of another elements
3) atoms combine in a simple, whole number ratio to form compounds
plum pudding model - ANS JJ Thompson- electrons are embedded in a central mass
, Gold Foil Experiment - ANS Rutherford- directed alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. most
passed through, but some were deflected and even bounced back
Nuclear theory of the atom - ANS 1) most of the atom's mass and all of its positive charge are
contained in a small core called the nucleus
2) most of the volume of the atom is empty space through which the tiny, negatively charged
electrons are dispersed.
3) there are as many negatively charged electrons outside the nucleus as there are positively
charged particles (protons) inside the nucleus, so that the atom is electrically charged
proton mass - ANS 1.0073 atm
neutron mass - ANS 1.0087 atm
electron mass - ANS .00055 amu
ions - ANS charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons
cations - ANS positively charged ions
anions - ANS negatively charged ions
isotopes - ANS atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
calculating atomic mass - ANS (mass of isotope x percent abundance)+(mass of isotope 2 x
percent abundance of isotope 2)
law of constance composition - ANS all samples of a given compound have the same
proportions of their constituent elements
empirical formula - ANS simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
molecular formula - ANS actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of compound
atomic element - ANS have single atoms as their basic unit (metals)
molecular elements - ANS do not normally exist in nature with single atoms as their basic unit
molecular compounds - ANS composed of 2 or more nonmetals
ionic compounds - ANS composed of 1 or more cations paired with 1 or more anions
naming ionic compounds - ANS type 1: contains a metal with an invariant charge
form: name of cation + base name of anion + -ide
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